99 questions/31 to 41
This is part of Ninety-Nine Haskell Problems, based on Ninety-Nine Prolog Problems.
Problem 31
Example:
* (is-prime 7) T
Example in Haskell:
λ> isPrime 7
True
Problem 32
Use Euclid's algorithm.
Example:
* (gcd 36 63) 9
Example in Haskell:
λ> [myGCD 36 63, myGCD (-3) (-6), myGCD (-3) 6]
[9,3,3]
Problem 33
Two numbers are coprime if their greatest common divisor equals 1.
Example:
* (coprime 35 64) T
Example in Haskell:
λ> coprime 35 64
True
Problem 34
Euler's so-called totient function phi(m) is defined as the number of positive integers r (1 <= r < m) that are coprime to m.
Example: m = 10: r = 1,3,7,9; thus phi(m) = 4. Note the special case: phi(1) = 1.
Example:
* (totient-phi 10) 4
Example in Haskell:
λ> totient 10
4
Problem 35
Construct a flat list containing the prime factors in ascending order.
Example:
* (prime-factors 315) (3 3 5 7)
Example in Haskell:
λ> primeFactors 315
[3, 3, 5, 7]
Problem 36
Construct a list containing each prime factor and its multiplicity.
Example:
* (prime-factors-mult 315) ((3 2) (5 1) (7 1))
Example in Haskell:
λ> prime_factors_mult 315
[(3,2),(5,1),(7,1)]
Problem 37
See Problem 34 for the definition of Euler's totient function. If the list of the prime factors of a number m is known in the form of problem 36 then the function phi(m) can be efficiently calculated as follows: Let ((p1 m1) (p2 m2) (p3 m3) ...) be the list of prime factors (and their multiplicities) of a given number m. Then phi(m) can be calculated with the following formula:
phi(m) = (p1 - 1) * p1 ** (m1 - 1) *
(p2 - 1) * p2 ** (m2 - 1) *
(p3 - 1) * p3 ** (m3 - 1) * ...
Note that a ** b stands for the b'th power of a.
Problem 38
Use the solutions of Problems 34 and 37 to compare the algorithms. Take the number of reductions as a measure for efficiency. Try to calculate phi(10090) as an example.
Problem 39
Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, construct a list of all prime numbers in that range.
Example in Haskell:
λ> primesR 10 20
[11,13,17,19]
Problem 40
Goldbach's conjecture says that every positive even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. Example: 28 = 5 + 23. It is one of the most famous facts in number theory that has not been proved to be correct in the general case. It has been numerically confirmed up to very large numbers (much larger than we can go with our Prolog system). Write a predicate to find the two prime numbers that sum up to a given even integer.
Example:
* (goldbach 28) (5 23)
Example in Haskell:
λ> goldbach 28
(5, 23)
Problem 41
Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, print a list of all even numbers and their Goldbach composition.
In most cases, if an even number is written as the sum of two prime numbers, one of them is very small. Very rarely, the primes are both bigger than say 50. Try to find out how many such cases there are in the range 2..3000.
Example:
* (goldbach-list 9 20) 10 = 3 + 7 12 = 5 + 7 14 = 3 + 11 16 = 3 + 13 18 = 5 + 13 20 = 3 + 17 * (goldbach-list 1 2000 50) 992 = 73 + 919 1382 = 61 + 1321 1856 = 67 + 1789 1928 = 61 + 1867
Example in Haskell:
λ> goldbachList 9 20
[(3,7),(5,7),(3,11),(3,13),(5,13),(3,17)]
λ> goldbachList' 4 2000 50
[(73,919),(61,1321),(67,1789),(61,1867)]