https://wiki.haskell.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sdmonroe&feedformat=atomHaskellWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T16:51:10ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.5https://wiki.haskell.org/index.php?title=Applications_and_libraries/Linguistics&diff=5216Applications and libraries/Linguistics2006-08-06T01:04:22Z<p>Sdmonroe: </p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
== Portals and other huge resorces ==<br />
<br />
Peter Ljunglöf's many [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~peb/pubs.html publications] on natural language processing, parsing, formal semantics. Many of them uses Haskell, and there are [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~peb/software.html downloadable] Haskell sources too.<br />
<br />
[http://homepages.cwi.nl/~jve/index.html Jan van Eijck's page] contains a huge amount of materials on logic and language:<br />
* computational linguistics<br />
* logics (e.g. dynamic epistemic modelling)<br />
There are many Haskell resources, too.<br />
<br />
== Natural language processors ==<br />
* [http://cypher.monrai.com Cypher] is one of the first software program available which generates the metadata representation of natural language input. Cypher produces RDF graph and SeRQL query representations of sentences, clauses, phrases and questions. The Cypher framework provides a set of robust definition languages, which can be used to extend and create grammars and lexicons. Cypher programming is fun to learn and easy to use, and the specifications are designed to allow a novice to quickly and easily build transcoders for processing highly complex sentences and phrases of any natural language, and to cover any vocabulary<br />
<br />
== Natural language processing and combinatory logic ==<br />
<br />
=== Applicative universal grammar ===<br />
<br />
Now it has got [[/Applicative universal grammar|its own HaskellWiki page]].<br />
<br />
=== Categorial grammar ===<br />
<br />
A general summary of modern semantic theories developed in the century<br />
is provided by [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/blackburn97logical.html Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics: an introduction].<br />
<br />
[http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/ Gary Hardegree]'s portal-rich page provides a lot of materials on logic and linguistics, among them<br />
* [http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/scholar.htm The Axiomatic Theory of Truth] grasping concepts like truth, quotations, paradoxes, liar's paradox<br />
* [http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/scholar.htm Courses] ranging from the introductory level to developed topics, e.g. [http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/511/pdf/a3.pdf Basic Categorial Grammar].<br />
<br />
[http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccg/ The Combinatory Categorial Grammar Site] contains links, papers (both introductory and developed) and software ([http://opennlp.sourceforge.net/ OpenNLP] open source projects, related to natural language processing, and [http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG])<br />
<br />
On natural languages relating to combinatory logic, see also<br />
* Peter Steedman's [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/steedman97does.html Does Grammar Make Use of Bound Variables?]<br />
* Mark Hepple: [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/hepple90grammar.html The Grammar and Processing of Order and Dependency: a Categorial Approach]<br />
<br />
== Game theoretic semantics ==<br />
<br />
Game theoretic semantics presents an interesting concept of ''truth'' -- in another way than that of Tarski.<br />
Its connections to computer science and computer languages is described in Wikipedia's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_semantics Game semantics] article. Merlijn Sevenster's [http://staff.science.uva.nl/~peter/teaching/merlijns20041129.pdf Game theoretical semantics and -logic] is a good introductory material too.<br />
<br />
Chiaki Ohkura's [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W03/W03-1408.pdf The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics with at Least Two Coordination Equilibria] article tries to catch the concept of ''metaphor''.<br />
<br />
=== Relatedness to linear logic ===<br />
<br />
The Wikipedia article mentions also the relatedness of game theoretic semantics to ''linear logic''.<br />
[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/ Philip Wadler]'s page on [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/linear-logic.html linear logic] describes the topic and its relatedness to many concepts concerning Haskell. [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/linear-logic.html#lineartaste A taste of linear logic] can serve as an introductory article.<br />
<br />
== Parsing natural languages ==<br />
<br />
Gordon J. Pace: [http://www.cs.um.edu.mt/~csaw/CSAW04/Proceedings/08.pdf Monadic Compositional Parsing with Context Using Maltese as a Case Study], see its [http://www.cs.um.edu.mt/~csaw/CSAW04/ context] too.<br />
<br />
== Other functional or Haskell-related approaches to linguistics ==<br />
<br />
* From [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta's homepage]<br />
** [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/index.html Grammatical Framework] <br />
*: GF is a compiler and grammatical programming environment written entirely in Haskell, with an interactive interpreter and two GUI interfaces, one written in Fudgets and another written in Java. GF grammars are written in a subset of Haskell and compile into an internal GF format that may be used as embedded parsers in Haskell, parsers in Java (with an embedded Java interpreter gfc2java.jar) and subsequently converted to applets ([http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~markus/gramlets/ Gramlets]). (GF-Haskell to Java translation is performed through an Open Agent Architecture--the original .NET, see [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/gf/gf-oaa.html GF OAA].) The GF grammatical formalism handles linguistic entities (morphemes, etc.) using type theory: an approach especially suited to machine translation of controlled natural languages. The [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/doc/index.html Grammar Resource Library], a set of basic grammars for Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish and Swedish, is available as a separate download. GF has been used to translate a fragment of C code to JVM (see [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/gfcc.pdf GFCC (PDF document)]).<br />
** [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/course-langtech/ Natural Language Technology], with (among others) [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/course-langtech/lectures/lectures.html online course slides]. They give huge insights, for example, see the slide example which discusses [[Dependent type#Type theory|the concept of dependent type and Curry Howard isomorphism]] in lingustical context.<br />
* [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~markus/FM/index.html Functional Morphology]<br />
* The [http://nlpers.blogspot.com/ natural language processing blog] written by [http://www.isi.edu/~hdaume/ Hal Daume III].<br />
<br />
== Other linguistics-related resources ==<br />
<br />
Dr. [http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Libraries_and_tools/Linguistics Günter Neumann]'s homepage.<br />
<br />
[http://www.lojban.org Lojban], an artificial language. ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban see also Wikipedia on it].) “Lojban was not designed primarily to be an international language, however, but rather as a linguistic tool for studying and understanding language. Its linguistic and computer applications make Lojban unique among international languages...” (NC:WhLoj, page 15 par 1)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
;NC&#58;WhLoj<br />
:Nicholas, Nick and Cowan, John (ed.): What is Lojban? [http://www.lojban.org/ Logical Language Group], 2003. Available also [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-index.php?page=What+Is+Lojban%3F%2C+The+Book&bl online].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Theoretical foundations]]</div>Sdmonroehttps://wiki.haskell.org/index.php?title=Applications_and_libraries/Linguistics&diff=5215Applications and libraries/Linguistics2006-08-06T01:03:51Z<p>Sdmonroe: </p>
<hr />
<div>__TOC__<br />
<br />
== Portals and other huge resorces ==<br />
<br />
Peter Ljunglöf's many [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~peb/pubs.html publications] on natural language processing, parsing, formal semantics. Many of them uses Haskell, and there are [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~peb/software.html downloadable] Haskell sources too.<br />
<br />
[http://homepages.cwi.nl/~jve/index.html Jan van Eijck's page] contains a huge amount of materials on logic and language:<br />
* computational linguistics<br />
* logics (e.g. dynamic epistemic modelling)<br />
There are many Haskell resources, too.<br />
<br />
== Natural language processors ==<br />
* [http://cypher.monrai.com Cypher] is one of the first software program available which generates the metadata representation of natural language input. Cypher produces RDF graph and SeRQL query representations of sentences, clauses, phrases and questions. The Cypher framework provides a set of robust definition languages, which can be used to extend and create grammars and lexicons. Cypher programming is fun to learn and easy to use, and the specifications are designed to allow a novice to quickly and easily build transcoders for processing highly complex sentences and phrases of any natural language, and to cover any vocabulary<br />
<br />
<br />
== Natural language processing and combinatory logic ==<br />
<br />
=== Applicative universal grammar ===<br />
<br />
Now it has got [[/Applicative universal grammar|its own HaskellWiki page]].<br />
<br />
=== Categorial grammar ===<br />
<br />
A general summary of modern semantic theories developed in the century<br />
is provided by [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/blackburn97logical.html Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics: an introduction].<br />
<br />
[http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/ Gary Hardegree]'s portal-rich page provides a lot of materials on logic and linguistics, among them<br />
* [http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/scholar.htm The Axiomatic Theory of Truth] grasping concepts like truth, quotations, paradoxes, liar's paradox<br />
* [http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/scholar.htm Courses] ranging from the introductory level to developed topics, e.g. [http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~gmhwww/511/pdf/a3.pdf Basic Categorial Grammar].<br />
<br />
[http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ccg/ The Combinatory Categorial Grammar Site] contains links, papers (both introductory and developed) and software ([http://opennlp.sourceforge.net/ OpenNLP] open source projects, related to natural language processing, and [http://openccg.sourceforge.net/ OpenCCG])<br />
<br />
On natural languages relating to combinatory logic, see also<br />
* Peter Steedman's [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/steedman97does.html Does Grammar Make Use of Bound Variables?]<br />
* Mark Hepple: [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/hepple90grammar.html The Grammar and Processing of Order and Dependency: a Categorial Approach]<br />
<br />
== Game theoretic semantics ==<br />
<br />
Game theoretic semantics presents an interesting concept of ''truth'' -- in another way than that of Tarski.<br />
Its connections to computer science and computer languages is described in Wikipedia's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_semantics Game semantics] article. Merlijn Sevenster's [http://staff.science.uva.nl/~peter/teaching/merlijns20041129.pdf Game theoretical semantics and -logic] is a good introductory material too.<br />
<br />
Chiaki Ohkura's [http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W03/W03-1408.pdf The Semantics of Metaphor in the Game Theoretic Semantics with at Least Two Coordination Equilibria] article tries to catch the concept of ''metaphor''.<br />
<br />
=== Relatedness to linear logic ===<br />
<br />
The Wikipedia article mentions also the relatedness of game theoretic semantics to ''linear logic''.<br />
[http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/ Philip Wadler]'s page on [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/linear-logic.html linear logic] describes the topic and its relatedness to many concepts concerning Haskell. [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/topics/linear-logic.html#lineartaste A taste of linear logic] can serve as an introductory article.<br />
<br />
== Parsing natural languages ==<br />
<br />
Gordon J. Pace: [http://www.cs.um.edu.mt/~csaw/CSAW04/Proceedings/08.pdf Monadic Compositional Parsing with Context Using Maltese as a Case Study], see its [http://www.cs.um.edu.mt/~csaw/CSAW04/ context] too.<br />
<br />
== Other functional or Haskell-related approaches to linguistics ==<br />
<br />
* From [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta's homepage]<br />
** [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/index.html Grammatical Framework] <br />
*: GF is a compiler and grammatical programming environment written entirely in Haskell, with an interactive interpreter and two GUI interfaces, one written in Fudgets and another written in Java. GF grammars are written in a subset of Haskell and compile into an internal GF format that may be used as embedded parsers in Haskell, parsers in Java (with an embedded Java interpreter gfc2java.jar) and subsequently converted to applets ([http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~markus/gramlets/ Gramlets]). (GF-Haskell to Java translation is performed through an Open Agent Architecture--the original .NET, see [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~bringert/gf/gf-oaa.html GF OAA].) The GF grammatical formalism handles linguistic entities (morphemes, etc.) using type theory: an approach especially suited to machine translation of controlled natural languages. The [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/lib/resource-1.0/doc/index.html Grammar Resource Library], a set of basic grammars for Danish, English, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Norwegian, Russian, Spanish and Swedish, is available as a separate download. GF has been used to translate a fragment of C code to JVM (see [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/GF/doc/gfcc.pdf GFCC (PDF document)]).<br />
** [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/course-langtech/ Natural Language Technology], with (among others) [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~aarne/course-langtech/lectures/lectures.html online course slides]. They give huge insights, for example, see the slide example which discusses [[Dependent type#Type theory|the concept of dependent type and Curry Howard isomorphism]] in lingustical context.<br />
* [http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~markus/FM/index.html Functional Morphology]<br />
* The [http://nlpers.blogspot.com/ natural language processing blog] written by [http://www.isi.edu/~hdaume/ Hal Daume III].<br />
<br />
== Other linguistics-related resources ==<br />
<br />
Dr. [http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Libraries_and_tools/Linguistics Günter Neumann]'s homepage.<br />
<br />
[http://www.lojban.org Lojban], an artificial language. ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban see also Wikipedia on it].) “Lojban was not designed primarily to be an international language, however, but rather as a linguistic tool for studying and understanding language. Its linguistic and computer applications make Lojban unique among international languages...” (NC:WhLoj, page 15 par 1)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
;NC&#58;WhLoj<br />
:Nicholas, Nick and Cowan, John (ed.): What is Lojban? [http://www.lojban.org/ Logical Language Group], 2003. Available also [http://www.lojban.org/tiki/tiki-index.php?page=What+Is+Lojban%3F%2C+The+Book&bl online].<br />
<br />
[[Category:Theoretical foundations]]</div>Sdmonroe