Euler problems/101 to 110

Problem 101

Investigate the optimum polynomial function to model the first k terms of a given sequence.

Solution:

import Data.List
 
f s n = sum $ zipWith (*) (iterate (*n) 1) s
 
fits t = sum $ map (p101 . map (f t)) $ inits [1..toInteger $ length t - 1]
 
problem_101 = fits (1 : (concat $ replicate 5 [-1,1]))
 
diff s = zipWith (-) (drop 1 s) s
 
p101 = sum . map last . takeWhile (not . null) . iterate diff

Problem 102

For how many triangles in the text file does the interior contain the origin?

Solution:

import Text.Regex 
--ghc -M p102.hs
isOrig (x1:y1:x2:y2:x3:y3:[])=
    t1*t2>=0 && t3*t4>=0 && t5*t6>=0
    where
    x4=0
    y4=0
    t1=(y2-y1)*(x4-x1)+(x1-x2)*(y4-y1)
    t2=(y2-y1)*(x3-x1)+(x1-x2)*(y3-y1)
    t3=(y3-y1)*(x4-x1)+(x1-x3)*(y4-y1)
    t4=(y3-y1)*(x2-x1)+(x1-x3)*(y2-y1)
    t5=(y3-y2)*(x4-x2)+(x2-x3)*(y4-y2)
    t6=(y3-y2)*(x1-x2)+(x2-x3)*(y1-y2)
buildTriangle s = map read (splitRegex (mkRegex ",") s) :: [Integer] 
problem_102=do
    x<-readFile "triangles.txt"
    let y=map buildTriangle$lines x
    print $length$ filter isOrig y

Problem 103

Investigating sets with a special subset sum property.

Solution:

six=[11,18,19,20,22,25]
seven=[mid+a|let mid=six!!3,a<-0:six]
problem_103=foldl (++) "" $map show seven

Problem 104

Finding Fibonacci numbers for which the first and last nine digits are pandigital.

Solution:

Very nice problem. I didnt realize you could deal with the precision problem. Therefore I used this identity to speed up the fibonacci calculation: f_(2*n+k) = f_k*(f_(n+1))^2 + 2*f_(k-1)*f_(n+1)*f_n + f_(k-2)*(f_n)^2

import Data.List
import Data.Char
 
fibos = rec 0 1
    where
        rec a b = a:rec b (a+b)
 
fibo_2nk n k = 
    let        
        fkm1 = fibo (k-1)
        fkm2 = fibo (k-2)
        fk = fkm1 + fkm2
        fnp1 = fibo (n+1)
        fnp1sq = fnp1^2
        fn = fibo n
        fnsq = fn^2
    in
        fk*fnp1sq + 2*fkm1*fnp1*fn + fkm2*fnsq
 
fibo x = 
    let
        threshold = 30000
        n = div x 3
        k = n+mod x 3
    in
        if x < threshold 
        then fibos !! x
        else fibo_2nk n k
 
findCandidates = rec 0 1 0
    where
        m = 10^9
        rec a b n  =
            let
                continue = rec b (mod (a+b) m) (n+1)
                isBackPan a = (sort $ show a) == "123456789"
            in
                if isBackPan a 
                then n:continue
                else continue
search = 
    let
        isFrontPan x = (sort $ take 9 $ show x) == "123456789"
    in
        map fst
            $ take 1
            $ dropWhile (not.snd)            
            $ zip findCandidates
            $ map (isFrontPan.fibo) findCandidates
 
problem_104 = search

It took 8 sec on a 2.2Ghz machine.

The lesson I learned fom this challenge, is: know mathematical identities and exploit them. They allow you take short cuts. Normally you compute all previous fibonacci numbers to compute a random fibonacci number. Which has linear costs. The aforementioned identity builds the number not from its two predecessors but from 4 much smaller ones. This makes the algorithm logarithmic in its complexity. It really shines if you want to compute a random very large fibonacci number. f.i. the 10mio.th fibonacci number which is over 2mio characters long, took 20sec to compute on my 2.2ghz laptop.

Problem 105

Find the sum of the special sum sets in the file.

Solution:

import Data.List
import Control.Monad
import Text.Regex 
 
solNum=map solve [7..12] 
solve n =  twoSetsOf [0..n-1] =<< [2..div n 2]          
twoSetsOf xs n = do
        firstSet <- setsOf n xs
        let rest = dropWhile (/= head firstSet) xs \\ firstSet
        secondSet <- setsOf n rest
        let f = firstSet  >>= enumFromTo 1
            s = secondSet >>= enumFromTo 1
        guard $ not $ null (f \\ s) || null (s \\ f)
        [(firstSet,secondSet)] 

setsOf 0 _ = [[]]
setsOf (n+1) xs = concat [map (y:) (setsOf n ys) | (y:ys) <- tails xs]
comp lst a b=
    a1/=b1
    where
    a1=sum$map (lst!!) a
    b1=sum$map (lst!!) b
notEqu lst =
    all id[comp slst a b|(a,b)<-solNum!!s]
    where
    s=length lst-7
    slst=sort lst
moreElem lst =
    all id maE
    where
    le=length lst
    sortLst=sort lst
    maxElem = 
        (-1):[sum $drop (le-a) sortLst|
        a<-[0..le]
        ]
    minElem = 
        [sum $take a sortLst|
        a<-[0..le]
        ]
    maE=[a<b|(a,b)<-zip maxElem minElem]
stoInt s=map read (splitRegex (mkRegex ",") s) :: [Integer]  
check x=moreElem x && notEqu x
main = do
    f <- readFile "sets.txt"
    let sets = map stoInt$ lines f
    let ssets = filter check sets
    print $ sum $ concat ssets

Problem 106

Find the minimum number of comparisons needed to identify special sum sets.

Solution:

binomial x y =div (prodxy (y+1) x) (prodxy 1 (x-y))
prodxy x y=product[x..y]
-- http://mathworld.wolfram.com/DyckPath.html
catalan n=flip div (n+1) $binomial (2*n) n
calc n=
    sum[e*(c-d)|
    a<-[1..di2],
    let mu2=a*2,
    let c=flip div 2 $ binomial mu2 a,
    let d=catalan a,
    let e=binomial n mu2]
    where
    di2=div n 2
problem_106 = calc 12

Problem 107

Determining the most efficient way to connect the network.

Solution:

import Control.Monad.ST
import Control.Monad
import Data.Array.MArray
import Data.Array.ST
import Data.List
import Data.Map (fromList,(!))
import Text.Regex 
makeArr x=map zero (splitRegex (mkRegex ",") x)  
makeNet x lst y=[((a,b),m)|a<-[0..x-1],b<-[0..a-1],let m=lst!!a!!b,m/=y]
zero x
    |'-' `elem` x=0
    |otherwise=read x::Int
problem_107 =do
    a<-readFile "network.txt"
    let b=map makeArr $lines a
        network = makeNet 40 b 0
        edges = sortBy (\x y->compare (snd x) (snd y)) network 
        eedges =map fst edges
        mape=fromList edges
        d=sum $ map snd edges 
        e=sum$map (mape!)$kruskal eedges
    print (d-e)
kruskal es = runST ( do
    let hi = maximum $ map (uncurry max) es
        lo = minimum $ map (uncurry min) es
    djs <- makeDjs (lo,hi)
    filterM (kruskalST djs) es)
 
kruskalST djs (u,v) = do
    disjoint <- djsDisjoint u v djs
    when disjoint $ djsUnion u v djs
    return disjoint
 
type DisjointSet s = STArray s Int (Maybe Int)
 
makeDjs :: (Int,Int) -> ST s (DisjointSet s)
makeDjs b = newArray b Nothing

djsUnion a b djs = do
    root <- djsFind a djs
    writeArray djs root $ Just b

djsFind a djs = maybe (return a) f =<< readArray djs a
 where f p = do p' <- djsFind p djs
                writeArray djs a (Just p')
                return p'
 
djsDisjoint  a b uf = liftM2 (/=) (djsFind a uf) (djsFind b uf)

Problem 108

Solving the Diophantine equation 1/x + 1/y = 1/n.

Solution:

import List
primes=[2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73]
series _ 1 =[[0]]
series xs n =[x:ps|x<-xs,ps<-series [0..x] (n-1) ]
distinct=product. map (+1)
sumpri x=product $map (\(x,y)->x^y)$zip  primes x
prob x y =head$sort[(sumpri m ,m)|m<-series [1..3] x,(>y)$distinct$map (*2) m]
problem_108=prob 7 2000

Problem 109

How many distinct ways can a player checkout in the game of darts with a score of less than 100?

Solution:

problem_109 = undefined

Problem 110

Find an efficient algorithm to analyse the number of solutions of the equation 1/x + 1/y = 1/n.

Solution:

-- prob in problem_108
problem_110 = prob 13 (8*10^6)