Haskell入門 5ステップ

Haskellは汎用の純粋関数型プログラミング言語です。このページではなるべく早くHaskellが使えるようになるよう手助けとなる解説をします。

Haskellのインストール

他の多くのプログラミング言語と同様に、Haskellは２種類の方法で使うことができます。 一つバイナリ（コンパイラ）でもう一つはインタラクティブシェル（インタプリタ）です。 インタラクティブシェルでは式を試したり評価したりすることができます。 まずはインタラクティブシェルで始めるのがよいでしょう。

GHC	コンパイラとインタプリタ (GHCi)	おそらく最も多くの機能が実装されたシステム
Hugs	インタプリタのみ	GHCより軽量でとてもお手軽

WindowsではGHCとHugsの両方が動作しますが、HugsのほうがよりWindowsとの親和性が高いと思われます。しかし、GHCが最も活発に開発やメンテナンスが行われているので、たいていの人は While both GHC and Hugs work on Windows, Hugs has perhaps the best integration on that platform. Nonetheless, GHC is more actively developed and maintained, and the consensus seems to be that it is the generally-recommended environment of choice for newcomers to Haskell as well as old hands. There is also information available on installing Haskell software on Mac OS X.

Start Haskell

Open a terminal. If you installed GHC, type ghci (the name of the executable of the GHC interpreter) at the command prompt. If you installed Hugs, type hugs.

    $ ghci
       ___         ___ _
      / _ \ /\  /\/ __(_)
     / /_\// /_/ / /  | |      GHC Interactive, version 6.4, for Haskell 98.
    / /_\\/ __  / /___| |      http://www.haskell.org/ghc/
    \____/\/ /_/\____/|_|      Type :? for help.

    Loading package base-1.0 ... linking ... done.
    Prelude>

And you are presented with a prompt. The Haskell system now attentively awaits your input.

Write your first Haskell program

If you've learned to program another language, your first program probably was "Hello, world!", so let's do that:

Prelude> "Hello, World!"
"Hello, World!"

The Haskell system evaluated the string, and printed the result. Or we can try a variation to print directly to standard output:

Prelude> putStrLn "Hello World"
Hello World

Using a Haskell compiler, such as GHC, you can compile the code to a standalone executable. Create a source file hello.hs containing:

main = putStrLn "Hello, World!"

And compile it with:

    $ ghc -o hello hello.hs

You can then run the executable (./hello on Unix systems, hello.exe on Windows):

    $ ./hello
    Hello, World!

Haskell the calculator

Let's do something fun. In Haskell, your first true program is the factorial function. So back to the interpreter now and let's define it:

Prelude> let fac n = if n == 0 then 1 else n * fac (n-1)

This defines a new function called fac which computes the factorial of an integer.

We can now run fac on some argument:

Prelude> fac 42
1405006117752879898543142606244511569936384000000000

Congratulations! Programming made easy. Note that if you're using Hugs, you'll need to load the definition of fac from a file, fac.hs, containing:

fac n = if n == 0 then 1 else n * fac (n-1)

And run it with Hugs as follows (this also works in GHCi):

Hugs.Base> :load fac.hs
Main> fac 42
1405006117752879898543142606244511569936384000000000

We can of course compile this program, to produce a standalone executable. In the file fac.hs we can write (and let's use elegant pattern matching syntax just for fun):

fac 0 = 1
fac n = n * fac (n-1)

main = print (fac 42)

which can then be compiled and run:

    $ ghc -o fac fac.hs
    $ ./fac
    1405006117752879898543142606244511569936384000000000

Great!

Write your first parallel Haskell program

Haskell has good support for parallel and multicore programming. We can write a parallel program by adding `par` to expressions, like so:

import Control.Parallel

main = a `par` b `par` c `pseq` print (a + b + c)
    where
        a = ack 3 10
        b = fac 42
        c = fib 34

fac 0 = 1
fac n = n * fac (n-1)

ack 0 n = n+1
ack m 0 = ack (m-1) 1
ack m n = ack (m-1) (ack m (n-1))

fib 0 = 0
fib 1 = 1
fib n = fib (n-1) + fib (n-2)

Compiling with -threaded and optimizations on:

$ ghc -O2 --make A.hs -threaded
[1 of 1] Compiling Main             ( A.hs, A.o )
Linking A ...

And now we can run our multicore program. Here across two cores:

$ time ./A +RTS -N2
1405006117752879898543142606244511569936384005711076
./A +RTS -N2  2.14s user 0.02s system 149% cpu 1.449 total

Congratulations! You are now programming your multicore!

Where to go from here

There are many good Haskell tutorials and books. Here are some we recommend:

Tutorials

• Haskell in 10 minutes
• Yet Another Haskell Tutorial (English)
• A Gentle Introduction to Haskell (English, File:GentleFR.pdf)
• Learn You A Haskell For Great Good!

For a complete list of textbooks, references and tutorials:

• Books and tutorials

Join the community!

Talk to others in the Haskell community:

• Haskell-Cafe mailing list
• IRC channel

Languages: en