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| − | [[Category: |
+ | [[Category:Pages to be removed]] |
| + | There is currently no text in this page. |
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| − | Let me guess...you've read every other guide, tutorial, lesson and introduction and none of them have helped - you still don't understand I/O in Haskell. |
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| + | You can <span style="color:brown;">search for this page title</span> in other pages, |
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| − | |||
| + | <span style="color:brown;">search the related logs</span>, |
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| − | Alright then - have a look at this: |
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| + | or <span style="color:brown;">log in</span> to create this page. |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | data OI -- abstract, primitive |
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| − | |||
| − | partOI :: OI -> (OI, OI) -- |
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| − | getchar :: OI -> Char -- primitives |
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| − | putchar :: Char -> OI -> () -- |
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| − | |||
| − | seq :: a -> b -> b -- also primitive |
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| − | |||
| − | instance Partible OI where ... |
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| − | |||
| − | class Partible a where |
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| − | part :: a -> (a, a) |
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| − | parts :: a -> [a] |
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| − | . |
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| − | . |
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| − | . |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | No up-front explanation; I'm guessing you've seen more than enough of those, so I'm trying something different. I will explain it later... |
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| − | |||
| − | Yes, of course there's more to Haskell I/O than <code>getchar</code> and <code>putchar</code>; I've downsized it for convenience. If you want, you can add the rest afterwards... |
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| − | |||
| − | Yes, they're somewhat arcane, but they can be used to emulate all the classic approaches to I/O in Haskell, albeit in miniature: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | module ClassicIO where |
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| − | import Prelude(Char, String) |
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| − | import Prelude(($), (.)) |
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| − | import Data.List(map, foldr, zipWith) |
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| − | import OutputInput |
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| − | import Partible |
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| − | |||
| − | -- simple text -- |
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| − | |||
| − | {- main :: (String -> String) -} |
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| − | |||
| − | runMain_text :: (String -> String) -> OI -> () |
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| − | runMain_text main = \u -> case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> |
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| − | putchars (main (getchars u1)) u2 |
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| − | |||
| − | getchars :: OI -> String |
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| − | getchars = map getchar . parts |
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| − | |||
| − | putchars :: String -> OI -> () |
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| − | putchars s = foldr seq () . zipWith putchar s . parts |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | -- dialogues -- |
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| − | |||
| − | {- main :: Dialogue -} |
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| − | |||
| − | runMain_dial :: Dialogue -> OI -> () |
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| − | runMain_dial main = \u -> foldr seq () $ yet $ |
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| − | \l -> zipWith respond (main l) (parts u) |
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| − | |||
| − | type Dialogue = [Response] -> [Request] |
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| − | |||
| − | data Request = Getq | Putq Char |
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| − | data Response = Getp Char | Putp |
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| − | |||
| − | yet :: (a -> a) -> a |
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| − | yet f = f (yet f) |
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| − | |||
| − | respond :: Request -> OI -> Response |
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| − | respond Getq = \u -> case getchar u of c -> Getp c |
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| − | respond (Putq c) = \u -> seq (putchar c u) Putp |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | -- continuations -- |
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| − | |||
| − | {- main :: (() -> IOResult) -> IOResult -} |
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| − | |||
| − | runMain_cont :: ((() -> IOResult) -> IOResult) -> OI -> () |
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| − | runMain_cont main = call (main done) |
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| − | |||
| − | newtype IOResult = R (OI -> ()) |
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| − | |||
| − | call :: IOResult -> OI -> () |
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| − | call (R a) = a |
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| − | |||
| − | done :: () -> IOResult |
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| − | done () = R $ \ u -> part u `seq` () |
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| − | |||
| − | getchar_cont :: (Char -> IOResult) -> IOResult |
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| − | getchar_cont k = R $ \u -> case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> |
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| − | case getchar u1 of |
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| − | c -> seq c (call (k c) u2) |
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| − | |||
| − | putchar_cont :: Char -> (() -> IOResult) -> IOResult |
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| − | putchar_cont c k = R $ \u -> case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> |
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| − | seq (putchar c u) (call (k ()) u2) |
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| − | |||
| − | -- state-passing -- |
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| − | |||
| − | {- main :: IOState -> ((), IOState) -} |
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| − | |||
| − | runMain_stat :: (IOState -> ((), IOState)) -> OI -> () |
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| − | runMain_stat main = \u -> seq (main (ini_st u)) () |
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| − | |||
| − | newtype IOState = S OI |
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| − | |||
| − | ini_st :: OI -> IOState |
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| − | ini_st = S |
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| − | |||
| − | getchar_stat :: IOState -> (Char, IOState) |
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| − | getchar_stat (S u) = case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> |
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| − | case getchar u1 of |
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| − | c -> seq c (c, S u2) |
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| − | |||
| − | putchar_stat :: Char -> IOState -> ((), IOState) |
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| − | putchar_stat c (S u) = case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> |
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| − | seq (putchar c u1) ((), S u2) |
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| − | |||
| − | -- and those weird, fickle things ;-) |
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| − | |||
| − | {- main :: IO () -} |
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| − | |||
| − | runMain_wfth :: IO () -> OI -> () |
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| − | runMain_wfth main = main |
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| − | |||
| − | type IO a = OI -> a |
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| − | |||
| − | getchar_wfth :: IO Char |
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| − | getchar_wfth = getchar |
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| − | |||
| − | putchar_wfth :: Char -> IO () |
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| − | putchar_wfth = putchar |
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| − | |||
| − | unit :: a -> IO a |
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| − | unit x = \u -> part u `seq` x |
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| − | |||
| − | bind :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b |
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| − | bind m k = \u -> case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> (\x -> x `seq` k x u2) (m u1) |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | What was that - using <code>Prelude.seq</code> that way won't work in Haskell 2010? You are ''correct!''<br> |
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| − | Now look closely at those imports... |
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| − | |||
| − | Moving on, here are examples using each of those approaches: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | module Echoes where |
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| − | import Prelude(String, Char(..), Eq(..)) |
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| − | import Prelude(($)) |
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| − | import ClassicIO |
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| − | import OutputInput(runOI) |
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| − | |||
| − | echo_text :: String -> String |
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| − | echo_text (c:cs) = if c == '\n' then [] else c : echo_text cs |
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| − | |||
| − | echo_dial :: Dialogue |
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| − | echo_dial p = Getq : |
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| − | case p of |
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| − | Getp c : p' -> |
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| − | if c == '\n' then |
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| − | [] |
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| − | else |
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| − | Putq c : |
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| − | case p' of |
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| − | Putp : p'' -> echo_dial p'' |
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| − | |||
| − | echo_cont :: (() -> IOResult) -> IOResult |
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| − | echo_cont k = getchar_cont $ \c -> |
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| − | if c == '\n' then |
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| − | k () |
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| − | else |
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| − | putchar_cont c (\_ -> echo_cont k) |
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| − | |||
| − | echo_stat :: IOState -> ((), IOState) |
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| − | echo_stat s = case getchar_stat s of |
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| − | (c, s') -> |
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| − | if c == '\n' then |
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| − | ((), s') |
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| − | else |
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| − | case putchar_stat c s' of |
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| − | (_, s'') -> echo_stat s'' |
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| − | |||
| − | echo_wfth :: IO () |
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| − | echo_wfth = getchar_wfth `bind` \c -> |
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| − | if c == '\n' then |
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| − | unit () |
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| − | else |
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| − | putchar_wfth c `bind` \_ -> echo_wfth |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | Regarding <code>seq</code>, this should work as expected[1][2]: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | -- for GHC 8.6.5 |
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| − | {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} |
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| − | #define during seq |
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| − | module Sequential(seq) where |
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| − | import qualified Prelude(during) |
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| − | |||
| − | infixr 0 `seq` |
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| − | seq :: a -> b -> b |
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| − | seq x y = Prelude.during x (case x of _ -> y) |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | It didn't work? Try this instead: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | -- for GHC 8.6.5 |
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| − | {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-} |
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| − | #define during seq |
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| − | module Sequential(seq) where |
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| − | import qualified Prelude(during) |
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| − | import GHC.Base(lazy) |
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| − | |||
| − | infixr 0 `seq` |
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| − | seq :: a -> b -> b |
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| − | seq x y = Prelude.during x (lazy y) |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | As for those extensions - they stay with each definition. |
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| − | |||
| − | That still didn't work? Well, give this a try: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | yet :: (a -> a) -> a |
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| − | yet f = y where y = f y |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | Now that we're firmly on the topic of implementation details, did you notice how easy it was to define that allegedly ''warm, fuzzy''[3] <code>IO</code> type using this curious new <code>OI</code> type, and those primitives? |
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| − | |||
| − | Sometimes that can be a hint that doing the opposite will be difficult or even impossible while staying within standard Haskell 2010. As it happens, this is one of those cases... |
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| − | |||
| − | To define <code>OI</code>, <code>partOI</code>, <code>getchar</code> and <code>putchar</code> will require: |
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| − | |||
| − | * modifying your preferred Haskell implementation - lots of work; |
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| − | |||
| − | * using some other language for the definitions, with Haskell then calling the foreign code - extra work to deal with two different languages; |
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| − | |||
| − | * using unsafe or implementation-specific primitives - work needed to avoid conflicts with Haskell semantics; |
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| − | |||
| − | * using implementation-specific extensions - work needed to track relevant extensions, and possible conflicts with Haskell semantics. |
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| − | |||
| − | For now, I'll just use the extensions - they're ugly, but at least they'll be contained, as they are in those alternate definitions of <code>seq</code>. But who knows - if this approach to I/O proves useful enough, it might make its way into a future Haskell standard...that's how <code>IO</code> happened[4]. |
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| − | |||
| − | In the meantime, take a deep breath: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | -- for GHC 8.6.5 |
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| − | {-# LANGUAGE MagicHash, UnboxedTuples #-} |
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| − | module OutputInput(OI, runOI, seq, getchar, putchar) where |
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| − | import Prelude(Char, String) |
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| − | import Prelude(($), (++), putChar, getChar, error) |
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| − | import Partible |
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| − | import Sequential |
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| − | import GHC.Base(IO(..), State#, MutVar#, RealWorld) |
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| − | import GHC.Base(seq#, realWorld#, newMutVar#, atomicModifyMutVar#) |
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| − | |||
| − | data OI = OI OI# |
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| − | |||
| − | instance Partible OI where |
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| − | part = partOI |
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| − | |||
| − | partOI :: OI -> (OI, OI) |
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| − | partOI (OI r) = case expire# "partOI" r realWorld# of |
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| − | s -> case newMutVar# () s of |
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| − | (# s', r1 #) -> |
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| − | case newMutVar# () s' of |
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| − | (# _, r2 #) -> (OI r1, OI r2) |
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| − | |||
| − | runOI :: (OI -> a) -> IO a |
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| − | runOI g = IO $ \s -> case newMutVar# () s of |
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| − | (# s', r #) -> seq# (g (OI r)) s' |
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| − | |||
| − | getchar :: OI -> Char |
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| − | getchar (OI r) = case expire# "getchar" r realWorld# of |
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| − | s -> case undo# getChar s of |
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| − | (# _, c #) -> c |
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| − | |||
| − | putchar :: Char -> OI -> () |
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| − | putchar c (OI r) = case expire# "putchar" r realWorld# of |
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| − | s -> case undo# (putChar c) s of |
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| − | (# _, x #) -> x |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | -- Local definitions |
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| − | -- |
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| − | type OI# = MutVar# RealWorld () |
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| − | |||
| − | expire# :: String -> MutVar# s () -> State# s -> State# s |
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| − | expire# name r s = case atomicModifyMutVar# r flick s of |
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| − | (# s', _ #) -> s' |
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| − | where |
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| − | flick :: () -> (a, ()) |
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| − | flick x@() = (error nowUsed, x) |
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| − | |||
| − | nowUsed = name ++ ": argument already used" |
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| − | |||
| − | undo# :: IO a -> State# RealWorld -> (# State# RealWorld, a #) |
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| − | undo# (IO a) = a |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | Now you can start breathing again :-) |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | module Partible where |
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| − | |||
| − | class Partible a where |
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| − | part :: a -> (a, a) |
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| − | parts :: a -> [a] |
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| − | |||
| − | -- Minimal complete definition: part or parts |
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| − | part u = case parts u of u1:u2:_ -> (u1, u2) |
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| − | parts u = case part u of (u1, u2) -> u1 : parts u2 |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | If you remember, I dispensed with an up-front explanation to try something different. Now that you've |
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| − | seen just how different this all is, here's the explanation... |
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| − | |||
| − | That abstract <code>partOI</code> and its overloaded associates <code>part</code> and <code>parts</code>? They help an optimising Haskell implementation to determine when it's safe to use those optimisations. Consider this definition: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | testme n = n^2 + n^2 |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | One simple optimisation would be to replace the duplicates of <code>n^2</code> with a single, shared local definition: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | testme n = let x = n^2 in x + x |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | This definition: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | main' u = putchars "ha" u `seq` putchars "ha" u |
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| − | |||
| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | would likewise be rewritten, with the result being: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | main' u = let x = putchars "ha" u in x `seq` x |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | but, as noted by Philip Wadler[5]: |
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| − | |||
| − | <blockquote>''[...] the laugh is on us: the program prints only a single <code>"ha"</code>, at the time variable <br><code>x</code> is bound. In the presence of side effects, equational reasoning in its simplest form <br>becomes invalid.''</blockquote> |
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| − | |||
| − | ''Equational reasoning'' is the basis for that simple optimisation and many others in implementations like GHC - so far they've been serving us quite well. |
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| − | |||
| − | What - just treat I/O-centric definitions as some special case by modifying GHC? Haskell implementations are complicated enough as is! |
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| − | |||
| − | The problem is being caused by the code being treated as though it's pure, so let's modify the code instead. In this case, one simple solution is to make all calls to I/O-centric definitions unique: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | main u = case part u of |
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| − | (u1, u2) -> |
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| − | putchars "ha" u1 `seq` putchars "ha" u2 |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | But what about: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | oops g h u = g u `seq` h u |
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| − | |||
| − | main' = oops (putchars "ha") (putchars "ha") |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | Will the laugh be on us, again? |
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| − | |||
| − | This is Haskell, not Clean[6] - there are no uniqueness types to help fend off such potentially-troublesome expressions. For now, the simplest way to make sure <code>OI</code> values are only used once is to have the implementation treat their reuse as being invalid e.g. by throwing an exception or raising an error to stop the offending program. |
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| − | |||
| − | In the prototype implementation, this all-important ''single-use'' property is maintained by <code>expire#</code>. |
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| − | |||
| − | Now for the much-maligned[7] <code>seq</code>...you could be tempted into avoiding it by using a new data type: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | newtype Result a = Is a |
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| − | |||
| − | getchar' :: OI -> Result Char |
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| − | putchar' :: Char -> OI -> Result () |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | and case-expressions: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | respond' :: Request -> OI -> Response |
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| − | respond' Getq = \u -> case getchar' u of Is c -> Getp c |
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| − | respond' (Putq c) = \u -> case putchar' c u of Is _ -> Putp |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | But before you succumb: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | unit_Result :: a -> Result a |
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| − | unit_Result = Is |
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| − | |||
| − | bind_Result :: Result a -> (a -> Result b) -> Result b |
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| − | bind_Result (Is x) k = k x |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | Oh look - <code>Result</code> is one of '''those''' types[8]... |
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| − | |||
| − | The bang-pattern[9] extension? So you can instead write: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | respond'' :: Request -> OI -> Response |
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| − | respond'' Getq = \u -> let !c = getchar u in Getp c |
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| − | respond'' (Putq c) = \u -> let !z = putchar c u in Putp |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | As you can see, <code>z</code> isn't used anywhere - there is no need for it. This being Haskell, if it isn't needed, it normally isn't evaluated. For now, the bang-pattern extension modifies the evaluation of |
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| − | <code>z</code> in order to prevent <code>respond''</code> being rewritten as: |
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| − | |||
| − | <haskell> |
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| − | respond'' :: Request -> OI -> Response |
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| − | respond'' Getq = \u -> let !c = getchar u in Getp c |
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| − | respond'' (Putq c) = \u -> Putp |
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| − | </haskell> |
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| − | |||
| − | Will bang-patterns ever be included in a future Haskell standard? If so, will you still be able to use them like this? If not, will you be left with the clean-up job? |
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| − | |||
| − | Perhaps you'll find some other way for correctly sequencing the evaluation that you like; all well and good...but others might not. For me, the simplest way I've found to make this approach to I/O work is with <code>seq</code> - one that's actually sequential. |
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| − | |||
| − | But maybe - after all that - you still want <code>seq</code> banished from Haskell. Perhaps you still don't understand I/O in Haskell. It could be that you're dismayed by what you've read here. Alternately, you may have seen or tried this all before, and know it doesn't work - darn... |
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| − | |||
| − | If that's you, the corresponding language proposal[10] has a list of other articles and research papers I've found which describe or refer to alternative approaches - perhaps one (or more) of them will be more acceptable. |
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| − | |||
| − | As noted by Owen Stephens[11]: |
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| − | |||
| − | <blockquote>''I/O is not a particularly active area of research, but new approaches are still being discovered, <br>iteratees being a case in point.''</blockquote> |
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| − | |||
| − | Who knows - the Haskell language could return to having a pure, fully-defined approach to I/O...and it could be you that finds it :-D |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | P.S: Why the name <code>OI</code>? Many years ago I was tinkering with arrows for performing I/O, labelling them <code>OI a b</code> out of expediency. More recently, I discovered a set of slides[12] describing another approach to I/O which used values of type <code>OI a</code> in a similar fashion to what I've been describing here. I've reused the name because of that similarity. |
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| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | References: |
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| − | |||
| − | [1] [[Sequential ordering of evaluation]]; Haskell Wiki.<br> |
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| − | |||
| − | [2] [https://gitlab.haskell.org/ghc/ghc/-/issues/5129 Ticket# 5129: "evaluate" optimized away]; GHC bug tracker.<br> |
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| − | |||
| − | [3] [https://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~pszgmh/appsem-slides/peytonjones.ppt Wearing the hair shirt: a retrospective on Haskell]; Simon Peyton Jones.<br> |
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| − | |||
| − | [4] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.168.4008&rep=rep1&type=pdf A History of Haskell: being lazy with class]; Paul Hudak, John Hughes, Simon Peyton Jones and Philip Wadler.<br> |
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| − | |||
| − | [5] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.91.3579&rep=rep1&type=pdf How to Declare an Imperative]; Philip Wadler.<br> |
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| − | [6] [https://clean.cs.ru.nl/Clean The Clean homepage]; Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.<br> |
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| − | [7] [https://mail.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell/2002-May/009622.html Thread: State monads don't respect the monad laws in Haskell]; Haskell mail archive.<br> |
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| − | [8] [[Monad]]; Haskell Wiki.<br> |
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| − | [9] [https://downloads.haskell.org/~ghc/7.8.4/docs/html/users_guide/bang-patterns.html 7.18. Bang patterns], GHC user's guide.<br> |
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| − | [10] [[Partibles for composing monads]]; Haskell Wiki.<br> |
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| − | [11] [https://www.owenstephens.co.uk/assets/static/research/masters_report.pdf Approaches to Functional I/O]; Owen Stephens.<br> |
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| − | [12] <span style="color:#ba0000">Non-Imperative Functional Programming</span>; Nobuo Yamashita.<br> |
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| − | [[User:Atravers|Atravers]] 03:05, 20 August 2020 (UTC) |
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