99 questions/31 to 41: Difference between revisions

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Example:
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
* (is-prime 7)
* (is-prime 7)
T
T
</pre>
</pre>
Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<pre>
 
<haskell>
P31> isPrime 7
P31> isPrime 7
True
True
</pre>
</haskell>


Solution:
[[99 questions/Solutions/31 | Solutions]]
<haskell>
isPrime :: Integral a => a -> Bool
isPrime p = p > 1 && (all (\n -> p `mod` n /= 0 ) $ takeWhile (\n -> n*n <= p) [2..])
</haskell>


Well, a natural number p is a prime number iff it is larger than 1 and no natural number n with n >= 2 and n^2 <= p is a divisor of p. That's exactly what is implemented: we take the list of all integral numbers starting with 2 as long as their square is at most p and check that for all these n there is a remainder concerning the division of p by n.
          
          
== Problem 32 ==
== Problem 32 ==


(**) Determine the greatest common divisor of two positive integer numbers.
(**) Determine the greatest common divisor of two positive integer numbers. Use Euclid's algorithm.
    Use Euclid's algorithm.
 
Example:


<pre>
<pre>
Example:
* (gcd 36 63)
* (gcd 36 63)
9
9
</pre>


Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<haskell>
[myGCD 36 63, myGCD (-3) (-6), myGCD (-3) 6]
[myGCD 36 63, myGCD (-3) (-6), myGCD (-3) 6]
[9,3,3]
[9,3,3]
</pre>
Solution:
<haskell>
gcd' 0 y = y
gcd' x y = gcd' (y `mod` x) x
myGCD x y | x < 0    = myGCD (-x) y
          | y < 0    = myGCD x (-y)
          | y < x    = gcd' y x
          | otherwise = gcd' x y
</haskell>
</haskell>


The Prelude includes a gcd function, so we have to choose another name for ours.  The function gcd' is a straightforward implementation of Euler's algorithm, and myGCD is just a wrapper that makes sure the arguments are positive and in increasing order.
[[99 questions/Solutions/32 | Solutions]]


A more concise implementation is:
<haskell>
myGCD :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer
myGCD a b
      | b == 0    = abs a
      | otherwise  = myGCD b (a `mod` b)
</haskell>


== Problem 33 ==
== Problem 33 ==


(*) Determine whether two positive integer numbers are coprime.
(*) Determine whether two positive integer numbers are coprime. Two numbers are coprime if their greatest common divisor equals 1.
Two numbers are coprime if their greatest common divisor equals 1.


Example:
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
* (coprime 35 64)
* (coprime 35 64)
Line 75: Line 59:


Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<pre>
 
<haskell>
* coprime 35 64
* coprime 35 64
True  
True  
</pre>
</haskell>


Solution:
[[99 questions/Solutions/33 | Solutions]]
<haskell>
coprime a b = gcd a b == 1
</haskell>


Here we use the prelude function for computing gcd's along with a test of the result's equality to one.
          
          
== Problem 34 ==
== Problem 34 ==


(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m).
(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m).
Euler's so-called totient function phi(m) is defined as the number of positive integers r (1 <= r < m) that are coprime to m.
Euler's so-called totient function phi(m) is defined as the number of positive integers r (1 <= r < m) that are coprime to m.
Example: m = 10: r = 1,3,7,9; thus phi(m) = 4. Note the special case: phi(1) = 1.
Example: m = 10: r = 1,3,7,9; thus phi(m) = 4. Note the special case: phi(1) = 1.
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
Example:
* (totient-phi 10)
* (totient-phi 10)
4
4
</pre>
Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<haskell>
* totient 10
* totient 10
4
4
</pre>
</haskell>
 
[[99 questions/Solutions/34 | Solutions]]


Solution:
<haskell>
totient 1 = 1
totient a = length $ filter (coprime a) [1..a-1]
where coprime a b = gcd a b == 1
</haskell>


We take coprime from the previous exercise and give it to filter, which applies it to each element of a list from 1 to one less than the number, returning only those that are true. length tells us how many elements are in the resulting list, and thus how many elements are coprime to n
       
== Problem 35 ==
== Problem 35 ==


(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer.
(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer. Construct a flat list containing the prime factors in ascending order.
Construct a flat list containing the prime factors in ascending order.


Example:
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
* (prime-factors 315)
* (prime-factors 315)
(3 3 5 7)
(3 3 5 7)
</pre>
</pre>
Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<pre>
 
<haskell>
> primeFactors 315
> primeFactors 315
[3, 3, 5, 7]
[3, 3, 5, 7]
</pre>
Solution:
<haskell>
primeFactors :: Integer -> [Integer]
primeFactors a = let (f, f1) = factorPairOf a
                    f' = if prime f then [f] else primeFactors f
                    f1' = if prime f1 then [f1] else primeFactors f1
                in f' ++ f1'
where
factorPairOf a = let f = head $ factors a
                in (f, a `div` f)
factors a = filter (isFactor a) [2..a-1]
isFactor a b = a `mod` b == 0
prime a = null $ factors a
</haskell>
</haskell>


Kind of ugly, but it works, though it may have bugs in corner cases. This uses the factor tree method of finding prime factors of a number. factorPairOf picks a factor and takes it and the factor you multiply it by and gives them to primeFactors. primeFactors checks to make sure the factors are prime. If not it prime factorizes them. In the end a list of prime factors is returned.
[[99 questions/Solutions/35 | Solutions]]
 
Another possibility is to observe that you need not ensure that potential divisors are primes, as long as you consider them in ascending order:
<haskell>
primeFactors n = primeFactors' n 2 where
    primeFactors' 1 _ = []
    primeFactors' n factor
      | n `mod` factor == 0 = factor : primeFactors' (n `div` factor) factor
      | otherwise          = primeFactors' n (factor + 1)
</haskell>
Thus, we just loop through all possible factors and add them to the list if they divide the original number.  As the primes get farther apart, though, this will do a lot of needless checks to see if composite numbers are prime factors.
However we can stop as soon as the candidate factor exceeds the square root of n:
<haskell>
primeFactors n = primeFactors' n 2 where
    primeFactors' n factor
      | factor*factor > n  = [n]
      | n `mod` factor == 0 = factor : primeFactors' (n `div` factor) factor
      | otherwise          = primeFactors' n (factor + 1)
</haskell>


You can avoid the needless work by just looping through the primes:
<haskell>
primeFactors n = factor n primes
  where factor n (p:ps) | p*p > n = [n]
                        | n `mod` p /= 0 = factor n ps
                        | otherwise = p : factor (n `div` p) (p:ps)
        primes = 2 : filter ((==1) . length . primeFactors) [3,5..]
</haskell>
(see also discussion of this solution following "Discuss this page")
          
          
== Problem 36 ==
== Problem 36 ==
(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer.
(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer.


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Example:
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
* (prime-factors-mult 315)
* (prime-factors-mult 315)
((3 2) (5 1) (7 1))
((3 2) (5 1) (7 1))
</pre>
</pre>
Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<pre>
 
<haskell>
*Main> prime_factors_mult 315
*Main> prime_factors_mult 315
[(3,2),(5,1),(7,1)]
[(3,2),(5,1),(7,1)]
</pre>
</haskell>
 
[[99 questions/Solutions/36 | Solutions]]


Solution:
<haskell>
prime_factors_mult n = map swap $ encode $ primeFactors n
  where swap (x,y) = (y,x)
</haskell>
using <tt>primeFactors</tt> from problem 35 to generate the list of prime factors in ascending order, and <tt>encode</tt> from problem 10 to compress this list to a list of numbers paired with their multiplicity.
          
          
== Problem 37 ==
== Problem 37 ==


(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m) (improved).
(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m) (improved).
See problem 34 for the definition of Euler's totient function. If the list of the prime factors of a number m is known in the form of problem 36 then the function phi(m) can be efficiently calculated as follows: Let ((p1 m1) (p2 m2) (p3 m3) ...) be the list of prime factors (and their multiplicities) of a given number m. Then phi(m) can be calculated with the following formula:
See problem 34 for the definition of Euler's totient function. If the list of the prime factors of a number m is known in the form of problem 36 then the function phi(m) can be efficiently calculated as follows: Let ((p1 m1) (p2 m2) (p3 m3) ...) be the list of prime factors (and their multiplicities) of a given number m. Then phi(m) can be calculated with the following formula:


Line 204: Line 148:


Note that a ** b stands for the b'th power of a.
Note that a ** b stands for the b'th power of a.
<i>Note</i>: Actually, the official problems show this as a sum, but it should be a product.
<i>Note</i>: Actually, the official problems show this as a sum, but it should be a product.


Solution: Given prime_factors_mult from problem 36, we get
[[99 questions/Solutions/37 | Solutions]]
<haskell>
 
totient m = product [(p - 1) * p ^ (c - 1) | (p, c) <- prime_factors_mult m]
</haskell>
This just uses a list comprehension to build each term of the product in the formula for phi, then multiplies them all.
          
          
== Problem 38 ==
== Problem 38 ==
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(no solution required)
(no solution required)
          
          
== Problem 39 ==
== Problem 39 ==
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Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, construct a list of all prime numbers in that range.
Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, construct a list of all prime numbers in that range.


<pre>
Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<haskell>
P29> primesR 10 20
P29> primesR 10 20
[11,13,17,19]
[11,13,17,19]
</pre>
Solution 1:
<haskell>
primesR :: Integral a => a -> a -> [a]
primesR a b = filter isPrime [a..b]
</haskell>
</haskell>


If we are challenged to give all primes in the range between a and b we simply take all number from a up to b and filter the primes out.
[[99 questions/Solutions/39 | Solutions]]
 
Solution 2:
<haskell>
primes :: Integral a => [a]
primes = let sieve (n:ns) = n:sieve [ m | m <- ns, m `mod` n /= 0 ] in sieve [2..]


primesR :: Integral a => a -> a -> [a]
primesR a b = takeWhile (<= b) $ dropWhile (< a) primes
</haskell>


Another way to compute the claimed list is done by using the ''Sieve of Eratosthenes''. The <hask>primes</hask> function generates a list of all (!) prime numbers using this algorithm and <hask>primesR</hask> filter the relevant range out. [But this way is very slow and I only presented it because I wanted to show how nice the ''Sieve of Eratosthenes'' can be implemented in Haskell :)]
       
== Problem 40 ==
== Problem 40 ==
(**) Goldbach's conjecture.
(**) Goldbach's conjecture.
Goldbach's conjecture says that every positive even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. Example: 28 = 5 + 23. It is one of the most famous facts in number theory that has not been proved to be correct in the general case. It has been numerically confirmed up to very large numbers (much larger than we can go with our Prolog system). Write a predicate to find the two prime numbers that sum up to a given even integer.
Goldbach's conjecture says that every positive even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. Example: 28 = 5 + 23. It is one of the most famous facts in number theory that has not been proved to be correct in the general case. It has been numerically confirmed up to very large numbers (much larger than we can go with our Prolog system). Write a predicate to find the two prime numbers that sum up to a given even integer.
Example:


<pre>
<pre>
Example:
* (goldbach 28)
* (goldbach 28)
(5 23)
(5 23)
</pre>


Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<haskell>
*goldbach 28
*goldbach 28
(5, 23)
(5, 23)
</pre>
Solution 1:
<haskell>
goldbach a = head $
                    filter (\(x,y) -> isPrime x && isPrime y) $
                    map (\e -> (e, a - e)) [1,3..a `div` 2]
where
factors a = filter (isFactor a) [2..a-1]
isFactor a b = a `mod` b == 0
isPrime a = null $ factors a
</haskell>
</haskell>


Woohoo! I've solved the goldbach conjecture! Where do I collect my prize? This does the obvious thing. It makes a list of odd numbers and then uses it to make up pairs of odd numbers that sum to n. Then it looks for a pair of odd numbers where both are prime and returns it as a tuple.
[[99 questions/Solutions/40 | Solutions]]


Solution 2:
<haskell>
-- using the previous problem...
goldbach n = head [(x,y) | x <- pr, y <- pr, x+y==n]
    where pr = takeWhile (< n) primes
</haskell>
Solution 3:
<haskell>
goldbach n = head [(x,y) | x <- takeWhile (< n) primes, let y = n-x, isPrime y]
</haskell>


== Problem 41 ==
== Problem 41 ==
Line 297: Line 209:


Example:
Example:
<pre>
<pre>
* (goldbach-list 9 20)
* (goldbach-list 9 20)
Line 313: Line 226:


Example in Haskell:
Example in Haskell:
<pre>
 
<haskell>
*Exercises> goldbachList 9 20
*Exercises> goldbachList 9 20
[(3,7),(5,7),(3,11),(3,13),(5,13),(3,17)]
[(3,7),(5,7),(3,11),(3,13),(5,13),(3,17)]
*Exercises> goldbachList' 4 2000 50
*Exercises> goldbachList' 4 2000 50
[(73,919),(61,1321),(67,1789),(61,1867)]
[(73,919),(61,1321),(67,1789),(61,1867)]
</pre>
</haskell>
 
[[99 questions/Solutions/41 | Solutions]]


Solution:
<haskell>
goldbachList lb ub = map goldbach $ [even_lb,even_lb+2..ub]
  where even_lb = max ((lb+1) `div` 2 * 2) 4
goldbachList' lb ub mv = filter (\(a,b) -> a > mv && b > mv) $
                        goldbachList lb ub
</haskell>
using the <tt>goldbach</tt> function from problem 40.


[[Category:Tutorials]]
[[Category:Tutorials]]

Revision as of 17:01, 13 July 2010


This is part of Ninety-Nine Haskell Problems, based on Ninety-Nine Prolog Problems.

Arithmetic

Problem 31

(**) Determine whether a given integer number is prime.

Example: 

* (is-prime 7)
T

Example in Haskell: 

P31> isPrime 7
True

Solutions


Problem 32

(**) Determine the greatest common divisor of two positive integer numbers. Use Euclid's algorithm.

Example: 

* (gcd 36 63)
9

Example in Haskell: 

[myGCD 36 63, myGCD (-3) (-6), myGCD (-3) 6]
[9,3,3]

Solutions


Problem 33

(*) Determine whether two positive integer numbers are coprime. Two numbers are coprime if their greatest common divisor equals 1.

Example: 

* (coprime 35 64)
T

Example in Haskell: 

* coprime 35 64
True

Solutions


Problem 34

(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m).

Euler's so-called totient function phi(m) is defined as the number of positive integers r (1 <= r < m) that are coprime to m.

Example: m = 10: r = 1,3,7,9; thus phi(m) = 4. Note the special case: phi(1) = 1.

Example: 

* (totient-phi 10)
4

Example in Haskell: 

* totient 10
4

Solutions


Problem 35

(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer. Construct a flat list containing the prime factors in ascending order.

Example: 

* (prime-factors 315)
(3 3 5 7)

Example in Haskell: 

> primeFactors 315
[3, 3, 5, 7]

Solutions


Problem 36

(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer.

Construct a list containing the prime factors and their multiplicity.

Example: 

* (prime-factors-mult 315)
((3 2) (5 1) (7 1))

Example in Haskell: 

*Main> prime_factors_mult 315
[(3,2),(5,1),(7,1)]

Solutions


Problem 37

(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m) (improved).

See problem 34 for the definition of Euler's totient function. If the list of the prime factors of a number m is known in the form of problem 36 then the function phi(m) can be efficiently calculated as follows: Let ((p1 m1) (p2 m2) (p3 m3) ...) be the list of prime factors (and their multiplicities) of a given number m. Then phi(m) can be calculated with the following formula: 

phi(m) = (p1 - 1) * p1 ** (m1 - 1) + (p2 - 1) * p2 ** (m2 - 1) + (p3 - 1) * p3 ** (m3 - 1) + ...

Note that a ** b stands for the b'th power of a.

Note: Actually, the official problems show this as a sum, but it should be a product.

Solutions


Problem 38

(*) Compare the two methods of calculating Euler's totient function.

Use the solutions of problems 34 and 37 to compare the algorithms. Take the number of reductions as a measure for efficiency. Try to calculate phi(10090) as an example.

(no solution required)


Problem 39

(*) A list of prime numbers.

Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, construct a list of all prime numbers in that range.

Example in Haskell: 

P29> primesR 10 20
[11,13,17,19]

Solutions


Problem 40

(**) Goldbach's conjecture.

Goldbach's conjecture says that every positive even number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. Example: 28 = 5 + 23. It is one of the most famous facts in number theory that has not been proved to be correct in the general case. It has been numerically confirmed up to very large numbers (much larger than we can go with our Prolog system). Write a predicate to find the two prime numbers that sum up to a given even integer.

Example: 

* (goldbach 28)
(5 23)

Example in Haskell: 

*goldbach 28
(5, 23)

Solutions


Problem 41

(**) Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, print a list of all even numbers and their Goldbach composition.

In most cases, if an even number is written as the sum of two prime numbers, one of them is very small. Very rarely, the primes are both bigger than say 50. Try to find out how many such cases there are in the range 2..3000.

Example: 

* (goldbach-list 9 20)
10 = 3 + 7
12 = 5 + 7
14 = 3 + 11
16 = 3 + 13
18 = 5 + 13
20 = 3 + 17
* (goldbach-list 1 2000 50)
992 = 73 + 919
1382 = 61 + 1321
1856 = 67 + 1789
1928 = 61 + 1867

Example in Haskell: 

*Exercises> goldbachList 9 20
[(3,7),(5,7),(3,11),(3,13),(5,13),(3,17)]
*Exercises> goldbachList' 4 2000 50
[(73,919),(61,1321),(67,1789),(61,1867)]

Solutions

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