Haskell Quiz/Bytecode Compiler/Solution Justin Bailey

This solution should work correctly. I was unable to test the byte codes generated, for obvious reasons. However, all test strings from the quiz do evaluate to the correct values.

To see the (symbolic) byte codes generated, run generate_tests. To see the actual byte codes, run compile_tests. To see that the values produced by each expression match those expected, run eval_tests. The tests are contained in the variables test1,test2, ..., test6, which correspond to the six "test_n" methods fouind in the quiz's test program.

The byte codes aren't optimized. For example, SWAP is never used. However, they should produce correct results (even for negative and LCONST/CONST values).

The code below is literate Haskell.

\begin{code}
import Text.ParserCombinators.Parsec hiding (parse)
import qualified Text.ParserCombinators.Parsec as P (parse)
import Text.ParserCombinators.Parsec.Expr
import Data.Bits

-- Represents various operations that can be applied
-- to expressions.
data Op = Plus | Minus | Mult | Div | Pow | Mod | Neg
  deriving (Show, Eq)

-- Represents expression we can build - either numbers or expressions
-- connected by operators.
data Expression = Statement Op Expression Expression
           | Val Integer
           | Empty
  deriving (Show)

-- Define the byte codes that can be generated. 
data Bytecode = NOOP | CONST Integer | LCONST Integer
            | ADD
            | SUB
            | MUL
            | POW
            | DIV
            | MOD
            | SWAP
  deriving (Show)


-- Using imported Parsec.Expr library, build a parser for expressions.
expr :: Parser Expression
expr =
  buildExpressionParser table factor
  <?> "expression"
  where
  -- Recognizes a factor in an expression
  factor  =
    do{ char '('
          ; x <- expr
          ; char ')'
          ; return x 
          }
      <|> number
      <?> "simple expression"
  -- Recognizes a number
  number  :: Parser Expression 
  number  = do{ ds <- many1 digit
              ; return (Val (read ds))
              }
          <?> "number"
  -- Specifies operator, associativity, precendence, and constructor to execute
  -- and built AST with.
  table =
    [[prefix "-" (Statement Mult (Val (-1)))],
      [binary "^" (Statement Pow) AssocRight],
      [binary "*" (Statement Mult) AssocLeft, binary "/" (Statement Div) AssocLeft, binary "%" (Statement Mod) AssocLeft],
      [binary "+" (Statement Plus) AssocLeft, binary "-" (Statement Minus) AssocLeft]
       ]          
    where
      binary s f assoc
         = Infix (do{ string s; return f}) assoc
      prefix s f 
         = Prefix (do{ string s; return f})


-- Parses a string into an AST, using the parser defined above
parse s = case P.parse expr "" s of
  Right ast -> ast
  Left e -> error $ show e
  
-- Take AST and evaluate (mostly for testing)
eval (Val n) = n
eval (Statement op left right)
        | op == Mult = eval left * eval right
        | op == Minus = eval left - eval right
        | op == Plus = eval left + eval right
        | op == Div = eval left `div` eval right
        | op == Pow = eval left ^ eval right
        | op == Mod = eval left `mod` eval right

-- Takes an AST and turns it into a byte code list
generate stmt = generate' stmt []
       where
               generate' (Statement op left right) instr =
                       let
                               li = generate' left instr
                               ri = generate' right instr
                               lri = li ++ ri
                       in case op of
                               Plus -> lri ++ [ADD]
                               Minus -> lri ++ [SUB]
                               Mult -> lri ++ [MUL]
                               Div -> lri ++ [DIV]
                               Mod -> lri ++ [MOD]
                               Pow -> lri ++ [POW]
               generate' (Val n) instr =
                if abs(n) > 32768
                then instr ++ [LCONST n]
                else instr ++ [CONST n]

-- Takes a statement and converts it into a list of actual bytes to
-- be interpreted
compile s = toBytes (generate $ parse s)

-- Convert a list of byte codes to a list of integer codes. If LCONST or CONST
-- instruction are seen, correct byte representantion is produced
toBytes ((NOOP):xs) = 0 : toBytes xs 
toBytes ((CONST n):xs) = 1 : (toConstBytes (fromInteger n)) ++ toBytes xs
toBytes ((LCONST n):xs) = 2 : (toLConstBytes (fromInteger n)) ++ toBytes xs
toBytes ((ADD):xs) = 0x0a : toBytes xs
toBytes ((SUB):xs) = 0x0b : toBytes xs
toBytes ((MUL):xs) = 0x0c : toBytes xs
toBytes ((POW):xs) = 0x0d : toBytes xs
toBytes ((DIV):xs) = 0x0e : toBytes xs
toBytes ((MOD):xs) = 0x0f : toBytes xs
toBytes ((SWAP):xs) = 0x0a : toBytes xs
toBytes [] = []

-- Convert number to CONST representation (2 element list)
toConstBytes n = toByteList 2 n 
toLConstBytes n = toByteList 4 n 

-- Convert a number into a list of 8-bit bytes (big-endian/network byte order).
-- Make sure final list is size elements long
toByteList ::  Bits Int => Int -> Int -> [Int]
toByteList size n =
    if (length bytes) < size
    then (replicate (size - (length bytes)) 0) ++ bytes
    else bytes
    where
      bytes = reverse $ toByteList' n
      -- for negative, and with signed bit and remove negative. Then continue recursion.
      toByteList' 0 = [] 
      toByteList' a | a < 0 = (a .&. 511) : toByteList' (abs(a) `shiftR` 8)
                    | otherwise = (a .&. 255) : toByteList' (a `shiftR` 8)

-- All tests defined by the quiz, with the associated values they should evaluate to.
test1 = [(2+2, "2+2"), (2-2, "2-2"), (2*2, "2*2"), (2^2, "2^2"), (2 `div` 2, "2/2"),
  (2 `mod` 2, "2%2"), (3 `mod` 2, "3%2")]

test2 = [(2+2+2, "2+2+2"), (2-2-2, "2-2-2"), (2*2*2, "2*2*2"), (2^2^2, "2^2^2"), (4 `div` 2 `div` 2, "4/2/2"),
  (7`mod`2`mod`1, "7%2%1")]
  
test3 = [(2+2-2, "2+2-2"), (2-2+2, "2-2+2"), (2*2+2, "2*2+2"), (2^2+2, "2^2+2"),
  (4 `div` 2+2, "4/2+2"), (7`mod`2+1, "7%2+1")]

test4 = [(2+(2-2), "2+(2-2)"), (2-(2+2), "2-(2+2)"), (2+(2*2), "2+(2*2)"), (2*(2+2), "2*(2+2)"),
  (2^(2+2), "2^(2+2)"), (4 `div` (2+2), "4/(2+2)"), (7`mod`(2+1), "7%(2+1)")]

test5 = [(-2+(2-2), "-2+(2-2)"), (2-(-2+2), "2-(-2+2)"), (2+(2 * -2), "2+(2*-2)")]

test6 = [((3 `div` 3)+(8-2), "(3/3)+(8-2)"), ((1+3) `div` (2 `div` 2)*(10-8), "(1+3)/(2/2)*(10-8)"), 
    ((1*3)*4*(5*6), "(1*3)*4*(5*6)"), ((10`mod`3)*(2+2), "(10%3)*(2+2)"), (2^(2+(3 `div` 2)^2), "2^(2+(3/2)^2)"),
    ((10 `div` (2+3)*4), "(10/(2+3)*4)"), (5+((5*4)`mod`(2+1)), "5+((5*4)%(2+1))")]

-- Evaluates the tests and makes sure the expressions match the expected values
eval_tests = map eval_tests [test1, test2, test3, test4, test5, test6]
  where
    eval_tests ((val, stmt):ts) =
      let eval_val = eval $ parse stmt 
      in
        if val == eval_val 
        then "True" : eval_tests ts
        else (stmt ++ " evaluated incorrectly to " ++ show eval_val ++ " instead of " ++ show val) : eval_tests ts
    eval_tests [] = []

-- Takes all the tests and displays symbolic bytes codes for each
generate_tests = map generate_all [test1,test2,test3,test4,test5,test6]
  where generate_all ((val, stmt):ts) = generate (parse stmt) : generate_all ts
        generate_all [] = []
        
-- Takes all tests and generates a list of bytes representing them
compile_tests = map compile_all [test1,test2,test3,test4,test5,test6]
  where compile_all ((val, stmt):ts) = compile stmt : compile_all ts
        compile_all [] = []

\end{code}