New monads/MonadRandom

MonadRandom

A simple monad transformer to allow computations in the transformed monad to generate random values.

{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fglasgow-exts #-}

module MonadRandom (
    MonadRandom,
    getRandom,
    getRandomR,
    evalRandomT,
    evalRand,
    evalRandIO,
    fromList,
    Rand, RandomT -- but not the data constructors
    ) where

import System.Random
import Control.Monad.State
import Control.Monad.Identity

class (Monad m) => MonadRandom m where
    getRandom :: (Random a) => m a
    getRandomR :: (Random a) => (a,a) -> m a

newtype (RandomGen g) => RandomT g m a = RandomT { unRT :: StateT g m a }
    deriving (Functor, Monad, MonadTrans, MonadIO)

liftState :: (MonadState s m) => (s -> (a,s)) -> m a
liftState t = do v <- get
                 let (x, v') = t v
                 put v'
                 return x

instance (Monad m, RandomGen g) => MonadRandom (RandomT g m) where
    getRandom = (RandomT . liftState) random
    getRandomR (x,y) = (RandomT . liftState) (randomR (x,y))

evalRandomT :: (Monad m, RandomGen g) => RandomT g m a -> g -> m a
evalRandomT x g = evalStateT (unRT x) g

runRandomT  :: (Monad m, RandomGen g) => RandomT g m a -> g -> m (a, g)
runRandomT x g = runStateT (unRT x) g

-- Boring random monad :)
newtype Rand g a = Rand { unRand :: RandomT g Identity a }
    deriving (Functor, Monad, MonadRandom)

evalRand :: (RandomGen g) => Rand g a -> g -> a
evalRand x g = runIdentity (evalRandomT (unRand x) g)

runRand     :: (RandomGen g) => Rand g a -> g -> (a, g)
runRand x g = runIdentity (runRandomT (unRand x) g)

evalRandIO :: Rand StdGen a -> IO a
evalRandIO x = getStdRandom (runIdentity . runStateT (unRT (unRand x)))

fromList :: (MonadRandom m) => [(a,Rational)] -> m a
fromList [] = error "MonadRandom.fromList called with empty list"
fromList [(x,_)] = return x
fromList xs = do let s = fromRational $ sum (map snd xs) -- total weight
                     cs = scanl1 (\(x,q) (y,s) -> (y, s+q)) xs -- cumulative weight
                 p <- liftM toRational $ getRandomR (0.0,s)
                 return $ fst $ head $ dropWhile (\(x,q) -> q < p) cs

To make use of common transformer stacks involving Rand and RandomT, the following definitions may prove useful:

instance (MonadRandom m) => MonadRandom (StateT s m) where
    getRandom = lift getRandom
    getRandomR r = lift $ getRandomR r

instance (MonadRandom m, Monoid w) => MonadRandom (WriterT w m) where
    getRandom = lift getRandom
    getRandomR r = lift $ getRandomR r

instance (MonadRandom m) => MonadRandom (ReaderT r m) where
    getRandom = lift getRandom
    getRandomR r = lift $ getRandomR r

instance (MonadState s m, RandomGen g) => MonadState s (RandomT g m) where
    get = lift get
    put s = lift $ put s

instance (MonadReader r m, RandomGen g) => MonadReader r (RandomT g m) where
    ask = lift ask
    local f m = RandomT $ local f (unRT m)

instance (MonadWriter w m, RandomGen g, Monoid w) => MonadWriter w (RandomT g m) where
    tell w = lift $ tell w
    listen m = RandomT $ listen (unRT m)
    pass m = RandomT $ pass (unRT m)

You may also want a MonadRandom instance for IO:

instance MonadRandom IO where
    getRandom = randomIO
    getRandomR = randomRIO

Connection to stochastics

There is some correspondence between notions in programming and in mathematics:

random generator	~	random variable / probabilistic experiment
result of a random generator	~	outcome of a probabilistic experiment

Thus the signature

rx :: (MonadRandom m, Random a) => m a

can be considered as "rx is a random variable". In the do-notation the line

x <- rx

means that "x is an outcome of rx".

In a language without higher order functions and using a random generator "function" it is not possible to work with random variables, it is only possible to compute with outcomes, e.g. rand()+rand(). In a language where random generators are implemented as objects, computing with random variables is possible but still cumbersome.

In Haskell we have both options either computing with outcomes

   do x <- rx
      y <- ry
      return (x+y)

or computing with random variables

   liftM2 (+) rx ry

This means that liftM like functions convert ordinary arithmetic into random variable arithmetic. But there is also some arithmetic on random variables which can not be performed on outcomes. For example, given a function that repeats an action until the result fulfills a certain property (I wonder if there is already something of this kind in the standard libraries)

  untilM :: Monad m => (a -> Bool) -> m a -> m a
  untilM p m =
     do x <- m
        if p x then return x else untilM p m

we can suppress certain outcomes of an experiment. E.g. if

  getRandomR (-10,10)

is a uniformly distributed random variable between -10 and 10, then

  untilM (0/=) (getRandomR (-10,10))

is a random variable with a uniform distribution of $\{-10,\dots ,-1,1,\dots ,10\}$.

Cf.:

• Arbitrary type class of QuickCheck
• http://www.haskell.org/pipermail/haskell-cafe/2005-May/009775.html