99 questions/Solutions/70

(**) Tree construction from a node string.

We suppose that the nodes of a multiway tree contain single characters. In the depth-first order sequence of its nodes, a special character ^ has been inserted whenever, during the tree traversal, the move is a backtrack to the previous level.

By this rule, the tree below (tree5) is represented as: afg^^c^bd^e^^^

Define the syntax of the string and write a predicate tree(String,Tree) to construct the Tree when the String is given. Make your predicate work in both directions.

We could write separate printing and parsing functions, but the problem statement asks for a bidirectional function.

First we need a parser monad, with some primitives:

newtype P a = P { runP :: String -> Maybe (a, String) }

instance Monad P where
        return x = P $ \ s -> Just (x, s)
        P v >>= f = P $ \ s -> do
                (x, s') <- v s
                runP (f x) s'

instance MonadPlus P where
        mzero = P $ \ _ -> Nothing
        P u `mplus` P v = P $ \ s -> u s `mplus` v s

charP :: P Char
charP = P view_list
  where view_list [] = Nothing
        view_list (c:cs) = Just (c, cs)

literalP :: Char -> P ()
literalP c = do { c' <- charP; guard (c == c') }

spaceP :: P ()
spaceP = P (\ s -> Just ((), dropWhile isSpace s))

Next a Syntax type, combining printing and parsing functions:

data Syntax a = Syntax {
                display :: a -> String,
                parse :: P a
        }

(We don't use a class, because we want multiple syntaxes for a given type.) Some combinators for building syntaxes:

-- concatenation
(<*>) :: Syntax a -> Syntax b -> Syntax (a,b)
a <*> b = Syntax {
                display = \ (va,vb) -> display a va ++ display b vb,
                parse = liftM2 (,) (parse a) (parse b)
        }

-- alternatives
(<|>) :: Syntax a -> Syntax b -> Syntax (Either a b)
a <|> b = Syntax {
                display = either (display a) (display b),
                parse = liftM Left (parse a) `mplus` liftM Right (parse b)
        }

char :: Syntax Char
char = Syntax return charP

literal :: Char -> Syntax ()
literal c = Syntax (const [c]) (literalP c)

space :: Syntax ()
space = Syntax (const " ") spaceP

iso :: (a -> b) -> (b -> a) -> Syntax a -> Syntax b
iso a_to_b b_to_a a = Syntax {
                display = display a . b_to_a,
                parse = liftM a_to_b (parse a)
        }

The last one maps a syntax using an isomorphism between types. Some uses of this function:

-- concatenation, with no value in the first part
(*>) :: Syntax () -> Syntax a -> Syntax a
p *> q = iso snd ((,) ()) (p <*> q)

-- list of a's, followed by finish
list :: Syntax a -> Syntax () -> Syntax [a]
list a finish = iso toList fromList (finish <|> (a <*> list a finish))
  where toList (Left _) = []
        toList (Right (x, xs)) = x:xs
        fromList [] = Left ()
        fromList (x:xs) = Right (x, xs)

Now we can define the syntax of depth-first presentations:

df :: Syntax (Tree Char)
df = iso toTree fromTree (char <*> list df (literal '^'))
  where toTree (x, ts) = Node x ts
        fromTree (Node x ts) = (x, ts)

We are using the isomorphism between Tree a and (a, [Tree a]). Some examples:

Tree> display df tree5
"afg^^c^bd^e^^^"
Tree> runP (parse df) "afg^^c^bd^e^^^"
Just (Node 'a' [Node 'f' [Node 'g' []],Node 'c' [],Node 'b' [Node 'd' [],Node 'e' []]],"")

---

A more naive solution, trying to split the string with stack

stringToTree :: String -> Tree Char
stringToTree (x:xs@(y:ys)) 
     | y == '^'  = Node x []
     | otherwise = Node x (map stringToTree subs)
               where subs = snd $ foldl parse ([],[]) $ init xs
	             parse ([],[])      z = ([z], [[z]])
	             parse (stack, acc) z = (stack', acc')
			       where stack' 
			               | z == '^'  = init stack
				       | otherwise = stack ++ [z]
			             acc'   = if stack == []
				                then acc ++ [[z]]
						else (init acc) ++ [(last acc) ++ [z]]

---

A simple solution that uses Standard Prelude functions:

stringToTree :: String -> Tree Char
stringToTree (x:'^':"")	= Node  x  []
stringToTree (x:xs)     = Node  x  ys
   where 
      z = map fst $ filter ((==) 0 . snd) $ zip [0..] $ 
          scanl (+) 0 $ map (\x -> if x == '^' then -1 else 1) xs
      ys = map (stringToTree . uncurry (sub xs)) $ zip (init z) (tail z)
      sub s a b = take (b - a) $ drop a s

---

It's more direct to convert Tree back to string

treeToString :: Tree Char -> String
treeToString (Node x ts) 
	  = [x] ++ concatMap treeToString ts ++ "^"