Euler problems/41 to 50

Problem 41

What is the largest n-digit pandigital prime that exists?

Solution:

-- Assuming isPrime has been implemented
import Data.Char (intToDigit)
problem_41 = maximum [ n' | d <- [3..9], n <- permute ['1'..intToDigit d],
                            let n' = read n, isPrime n']
    where
        permute "" = [""]
        permute str = [(x:xs)| x <- str, xs <- permute (delete x str)]

Problem 42

How many triangle words can you make using the list of common English words?

Solution:

import Data.Char
trilist = takeWhile (<300) (scanl1 (+) [1..])
wordscore xs = sum $ map (subtract 64 . ord) xs
problem_42 megalist = 
    length [ wordscore a | a <- megalist,
                           elem (wordscore a) trilist ]
main = do f <- readFile "words.txt"
          let words = read $"["++f++"]"
          print $ problem_42 words

Problem 43

Find the sum of all pandigital numbers with an unusual sub-string divisibility property.

Solution:

import Data.List
l2n :: (Integral a) => [a] -> a
l2n = foldl' (\a b -> 10*a+b) 0
 
swap (a,b) = (b,a)
 
explode :: (Integral a) => a -> [a]
explode = 
    unfoldr (\a -> if a==0 then Nothing else Just $ swap $ quotRem a 10)
problem_43 = sum . map l2n . map (\s -> head ([0..9] \\ s):s) 
                 . filter (elem 0) . genSeq [] $ [17,13,11,7,5,3,2]

mults mi ma n = takeWhile (< ma) . dropWhile (<mi) . iterate (+n) $ n
 
sequ xs ys = tail xs == init ys
 
addZ n xs = replicate (n - length xs) 0 ++ xs
 
genSeq [] (x:xs) = genSeq (filter (not . doub) 
                           . map (addZ 3 . reverse . explode)
                           $ mults 9 1000 x)
                          xs
genSeq ys (x:xs) = 
    genSeq (do m <- mults 9 1000 x
               let s = addZ 3 . reverse . explode $ m
               y <- filter (sequ s . take 3) $ filter (notElem (head s)) ys
               return (head s:y))
           xs
genSeq ys [] = ys

doub xs = nub xs /= xs

An arguably cleaner, alternate solution uses nondeterminism + state to create a backtracking monad particularly suited to this problem:

import Control.Monad
import Control.Monad.State
import Data.Set

type Select elem a = StateT (Set elem) [] a

select :: (Ord elem) => [elem] -> Select elem elem
select as = do
  set <- get
  a <- lift as
  guard (not (member a set))
  put (insert a set)
  return a

runSelect :: Select elem a -> [a]
runSelect m = Prelude.map fst (runStateT m empty)

fromDigits = foldl (\tot d -> 10 * tot + d) 0

ds = runSelect $ do
       d4 <- select [0,2..8]
       d3 <- select [0..9]
       d5 <- select [0..9]
       guard ((d3 + d4 + d5) `mod` 3 == 0)
       d6 <- select [0,5]
       d7 <- select [0..9]
       guard ((100 * d5 + 10 * d6 + d7) `mod` 7 == 0)
       d8 <- select [0..9]
       guard ((d6 - d7 + d8) `mod` 11 == 0)
       d9 <- select [0..9]
       guard ((100 * d7 + 10 * d8 + d9) `mod` 13 == 0)
       d10 <- select [0..9]
       guard ((100 * d8 + 10 * d9 + d10) `mod` 17 == 0)
       d2 <- select [0..9]
       d1 <- select [0..9]
       return (fromDigits [d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8, d9, d10])

answer = sum ds

main = do 
  print ds
  print answer

An almost instant answer can be generated by only creating permutations which fulfil the requirement of particular digits being multiples of certain numbers.

import Data.List ((\\), nub)

main = print q43

q43 = sum [ read n | (d7d8d9, remDigits)   <- permMults digits 17, 
                     (d4d5d6, remDigits')  <- permMults remDigits 7,
                     d4d5d6 !! 1 == '0' || d4d5d6 !! 1 == '5', 
                     (d1d2d3, remDigit) <- permMults remDigits' 2,
                     let n = remDigit ++ d1d2d3 ++ d4d5d6 ++ d7d8d9,
                     hasProperty (tail n) primes] 
    where
        digits = "0123456789"
        primes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17] 
        hasProperty _ [] = True
        hasProperty c (p:ps) = (read $ take 3 c) `mod` p == 0 
                               && hasProperty (tail c) ps
        permMults cs p = [ (ds, cs \\ ds) | n <- [p,2*p..987],
                                            let ds = leadingZero n,
                                            ds == nub ds,
                                            all (flip elem cs) ds]
            where 
                leadingZero n
                    | n < 10    = "00" ++ show n
                    | n < 100   = "0"  ++ show n
                    | otherwise = show n

Problem 44

Find the smallest pair of pentagonal numbers whose sum and difference is pentagonal.

Solution:

import Data.Set
problem_44 = head solutions
  where solutions = [a-b | a <- penta,
                           b <- takeWhile (<a) penta,
                           isPenta (a-b),
                           isPenta (b+a) ]
    isPenta = (`member` fromList  penta)
    penta = [(n * (3*n-1)) `div` 2 | n <- [1..5000]]

The above solution finds the correct answer but searches the pairs in the wrong order. Lengthier and slower but perhaps more correct solution here.

Problem 45

After 40755, what is the next triangle number that is also pentagonal and hexagonal?

Solution:

isPent n = (af == 0) && ai `mod` 6 == 5
  where (ai, af) = properFraction . sqrt $ 1 + 24 * (fromInteger n)
 
problem_45 = head [x | x <- scanl (+) 1 [5,9..], x > 40755, isPent x]

Problem 46

What is the smallest odd composite that cannot be written as the sum of a prime and twice a square?

Solution:

This solution is inspired by exercise 3.70 in Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, (2nd ed.).

millerRabinPrimality on the Prime_numbers page

import Data.List
isPrime x | x==3      = True
          | otherwise = millerRabinPrimality x 2
problem_46 = find (\x -> not (isPrime x) && check x) [3,5..]
  where 
    check x = not . any isPrime
                  . takeWhile (>0)
                  . map (\y -> x - 2 * y * y) $ [1..]

Alternate Solution:

Considering that the answer is less than 6000, there's no need for fancy solutions. The following is as fast as most C++ solutions.

primes :: [Int]
primes = 2 : filter isPrime [3, 5..]

isPrime :: Int -> Bool
isPrime n = all (not . divides n) $ takeWhile (\p -> p^2 <= n) primes
    where
      divides n p = n `mod` p == 0

compOdds :: [Int]
compOdds = filter (not . isPrime) [3, 5..]

verifConj :: Int -> Bool
verifConj n = any isPrime (takeWhile (>0) $ map (\i -> n - 2*i*i) [1..])

problem_46 :: Int
problem_46 = head $ filter (not . verifConj) compOdds

Problem 47

Find the first four consecutive integers to have four distinct primes factors.

Solution:

import Data.List
problem_47 = find (all ((==4).snd)) . map (take 4) . tails 
                 . zip [1..] . map (length . factors) $ [1..]
fstfac x = [(head a ,length a) | a <- group $ primeFactors x]
fac [(x,y)] = [x^a | a <- [0..y]]
fac (x:xs) = [a*b | a <- fac [x], b <- fac xs]
factors x = fac $ fstfac x
primes = 2 : filter ((==1) . length . primeFactors) [3,5..]

primeFactors n = factor n primes
  where factor _ [] = []
        factor m (p:ps) | p*p > m        = [m]
                        | m `mod` p == 0 = [p, m `div` p]
                        | otherwise      = factor m ps

Alternate Solution: The previous solution actually didn't give the correct answer for me. The following method did.

import Data.List
import Data.Numbers
import Data.Numbers.Primes
import qualified Data.Set as Set

dPrimeFactors n = Set.fromList $ primeFactors n

dPFList n = [(k, dPrimeFactors k)
             | k <- filter (\z -> (not $ isPrime z)) [1..n]]

nConsec n s = 
  let dpf   = dPFList s
      fltrd = filter (\z -> Set.size (snd z) == n) dpf 
      gps   = [take (fromIntegral n) (drop (fromIntegral k) fltrd) 
                | k <- [0..(length fltrd - n)] ]
      gps2  = filter (\z -> isConsec (map fst z)) gps
  in filter (\zz -> Set.empty == 
              foldl (\acc z -> Set.intersection acc (snd z)) 
                    (snd (head zz)) 
                    zz) gps2 

isConsec xs = (sort xs) == [(minimum xs)..(maximum xs)]

problem_47 = (fst . head . head) $ nConsec 4 20000

Problem 48

Find the last ten digits of 1¹ + 2² + ... + 1000¹⁰⁰⁰.

Solution: If the problem were more computationally intensive, modular exponentiation might be appropriate. With this problem size the naive approach is sufficient.

powMod on the Prime_numbers page

problem_48 = (`mod` limit) $ sum [powMod limit n n | n <- [1..1000]]
    where limit=10^10

Another one-liner for this problem, with no use of other functions is the following:

problem_48 = reverse $ take 10 
             $ reverse $ show $ sum $ map (\x -> x^x) [1..1000]

Problem 49

Find arithmetic sequences, made of prime terms, whose four digits are permutations of each other.

Solution: millerRabinPrimality on the Prime_numbers page

import Data.List

isPrime x
    | x==3      = True
    | otherwise = millerRabinPrimality x 2

primes4 = filter isPrime [1000..9999]

problem_49 = [ (a,b,c) | a <- primes4,
                         b <- dropWhile (<= a) primes4,
                         sort (show a) == sort (show b),
                         let c = 2 * b - a,
                         c `elem` primes4,
                         sort (show a) == sort (show c) ]

Problem 50

Which prime, below one-million, can be written as the sum of the most consecutive primes?

Solution: (prime and isPrime not included)

import Control.Monad
findPrimeSum ps 
    | isPrime sumps = Just sumps
    | otherwise     = findPrimeSum (tail ps) `mplus` findPrimeSum (init ps)
    where
    sumps = sum ps

problem_50 = findPrimeSum $ take 546 primes

• This code is wrong: if you switch init and tail, it produces wrong result, so it is by sheer luck that it produces the right answer at all. As written, it will produce the longest chain of primes ending at 546-th prime, summing up to a prime - using 546 as it is the longest prefix of primes summing up to less than a million. That's not what the problem asks for.

What's to guarantee us there's no longer chain ending at 545-th prime? 544-th? For instance, for 1,100,000 the longest sequence ends at 568-th instead of 571-st prime which is what the above code would use.

Moreover, cutting the search short at just first 546 primes is wrong too. What if the longest chain was really short, like 10 or 20 primes? Then we'd have to go much higher into the primes. We have no way of knowing that length in advance.

• Here's my solution, it's not the fastest but is correct, feel free to criticise (isPrime and primes not included):

import Euler.Helpers
import qualified Data.List as L

prime n = takeWhileSum n primes
takeWhileSum n = takeWhileArr (\x -> sum x <= n)
takeWhileArr f xs = takeWhileF f [] xs
    where
        takeWhileF f rs [] = reverse rs
        takeWhileF f rs (x:xs)
            | f (x:rs) = takeWhileF f (x:rs) xs
            | otherwise = reverse rs

primeSums n = map (map (\x -> (isPrime x,x) ) . takeWhile (<n) . scanl1 (+)) (L.tails (prime n))
main = print . maximum $ map index (primeSums 100000)
    where index x = if null $ ind x 
                    then (0,0) 
                    else (last $ ind x, snd (x !! (last $ ind x)))
          ind = L.findIndices (fst)