IO Semantics

Semantics of IO: A Free Approach

The following is inspired by Luke Palmer's post on the topic. This only describes one possible semantics of IO a; your actual implementation may vary.

The idea is to define IO as

data IO a = Done a
          | PutChar Char (IO a)
          | GetChar (Char -> IO a)

For simplicity, this is an example of IO that only gives semantics for teletype I/O.

Think of IO a as a tree whose leaves are Done a that holds the result of the program:

• PutChar is a node that has one child tree and the node holds one character of data.
• GetChar is a node that has many children; it has one child for every character, but GetChar holds no data itself.

This tree contains all the information needed to execute teletype interactions. One interprets (or executes) an IO a by tracing a route from root of the tree to a leaf:

• If a PutChar node is encountered, the character data contained at that node is output to the terminal and then its subtree is executed. It is at this point that Haskell code is evaluated in order to determine what character should be displayed before continuing.
• If a GetChar node is encountered, a character is read from the terminal (blocking if necessary) and the subtree corresponding to the character received is executed.
• If Done is encountered, the program ends.

Done holds the result of the computation, but in the case of Main.main :: IO () the data is of type () and thus contains no information and is ignored.

This execution is not done anywhere in a Haskell program, rather it is done by the run-time system.

The monadic operations are defined as follows:

return :: a -> IO a
return x = Done x

(>>=)  :: IO a -> (a -> IO b) -> IO b
Done x      >>= f = f x
PutChar c x >>= f = PutChar c (x >>= f)
GetChar g   >>= f = GetChar (\c -> g c >>= f)

As you can see return is just another name for Done. The bind operation (>>=) takes a tree x and a function f and replaces the Done nodes (the leaves) of x by a new tree produced by applying f to the data held in the Done nodes.

The primitive I/O commands are defined using these constructors.

putChar :: Char -> IO ()
putChar x = PutChar x (Done ())

getChar :: IO Char
getChar = GetChar (\c -> Done c)

• The function putChar builds a small IO () tree that contains one PutChar node holding the character data followed by Done.

• The function getChar builds a short IO Char tree that begins with a GetChar node that holds one Done node for every character.

Other teletype commands can be defined in terms of these primitives:

putStr :: String -> IO ()
putStr = mapM_ putChar

More generally speaking, IO a will represent the desired interaction with the operating system. For every system call there will be a corresponding I/O-tree constructor of the form:

	| SysCallName p1 p2 ... pn (r -> IO a)

where p1 ... pn are the parameters for the system call, and r is the result of the system call. (Thus PutChar and GetChar will not occur as constructors for I/O trees if they don't correspond to system calls).

Further reading

• A Functional Specification of Effects

Wouter Swierstra. Ph.D. thesis, University of Nottingham. (2009).

• Beauty in the Beast: A Functional Semantics for the Awkward Squad

Wouter Swierstra, Thorsten Altenkirch. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Haskell, Haskell ’07, ACM, New York, NY, USA, pages 25–36 (2007).

• Semantics of fixIO

Levent Erkök, John Launchbury, Andrew Moran. In Fixed Points in Computer Science Workshop, FICS'01 (2001).

• Tackling the awkward squad: monadic input/output, concurrency, exceptions, and foreign-language calls in Haskell

Simon Peyton Jones. In "Engineering theories of software construction", ed. Tony Hoare, Manfred Broy, Ralf Steinbruggen, IOS Press, ISBN 1 58603 1724, 2001, pages 47-96.

• Relating operational and denotational semantics for input/output effects

Roy L. Crole, Andrew D. Gordon. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 9(2): 125-158 (1999).

• A Sound Metalogical Semantics for Input/Output Effects

Andrew Gordon. In International Workshop on Computer Science Logic, January 1995. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

• An Operational Semantics for I/O in a Lazy Functional Language

Andrew Gordon. In FPCA '93: Conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, Copenhagen, June 1993. ACM Press.

• Functional Programming and Input/Output

Andrew Gordon. Cambridge University Press. Revision of 1992 PhD dissertation.

• PFL+: A Kernel Scheme for Functional I/O

Andrew Gordon. Computer Laboratory Technical Report Number 160, University of Cambridge (1989).