Iteratee I/O
Iteratee I/O is a way to avoid the problems that can occur with lazy I/O. They work by making the I/O actions explicit, making their behavior easier to reason about.
The problem with lazy I/O
As a beginner, you probably used Haskell's lazy I/O through the System.IO module. However, while it is good enough for simple programs, its unpredictability makes it unsuitable for practical use.
For example, a common beginner mistake is to close a file before one has finished reading it:
wrong = do
fileData <- withFile "test.txt" ReadMode hGetContents
putStr fileData
The problem is withFile closes the handle before fileData is forced. The correct way is to pass all the code to withFile:
right = withFile "test.txt" ReadMode $ \handle -> do
fileData <- hGetContents handle
putStr fileData
Here, the data is consumed before withFile finishes.
Although this is easily fixed, the type system does not enforce the correct solution. Even worse, if you use the former code, it won't even raise an error – it will just fail silently and return an empty string. Many years passed before a satisfactory solution to the streaming data problem was found.
How iteratees work
When you "step" an iteratee, it reads a chunk of data, updates the internal state and returns a new iteratee along with the data it read. Because an iteratee is simply a function with state, many iteratees can be composed together to form a pipeline.
Some implementations also provide a resource management layer that releases resources automatically when they are no longer needed. This is very useful in a server, where sockets and file handles are scarce.
Implementations
- iteratee
- The original iteratee library, by Oleg Kiselyov.
- iterIO
- Yet another implementation.
- enumerator
- Used in Snap. It does not use any extensions, so it will work with most Haskell compilers.
- pipes
- A more recent implementation, which strives to be more elegant than existing libraries.
- pipes-core
- Fork of pipes which adds resource finalization.
- conduit
- Popular implementation designed with practical use in mind, created by the author of Yesod. Recently heavily influenced by pipes.
- liboleg
- An evolving collection of Oleg Kiselyov's Haskell modules (depends on the package unix and will therefore not compile on Windows systems).
Essays by Oleg
- Oleg's writings: Incremental multi-level input processing with left-fold enumerator: predictable, high-performance, safe, and elegant
- An implementation by Oleg, iteratees on Chars and Strings
- A general library by Oleg
Other discussions
- Understandings of Iteratees
- The Monad.Reader Issue 16; see the section "Iteratee: Teaching an Old Fold New Tricks" by John W. Lato
- Yesod Book: Conduits
- Lazy IO considered harmful; way to go, Left-fold enumerator!
- A Darcs repository of an alternative implementation
- Stanford CS240h lecture on iteratee
Users of Iteratee I/O
- Snap: The Snap web framework
- yaml: Low-level binding to the libyaml C library]
- usb 0.4: Communicate with USB devices
- sstable: SSTables in Haskell
- WAI: a Web Application Interface for haskell web frameworks (used by Yesod).