List comprehension

List comprehensions are syntactic sugar like the expression

import Data.Char (toUpper)

[toUpper c | c <- s]

where s :: String is a string such as "Hello". Strings in Haskell are lists of characters; the generator c <- s feeds each character of s in turn to the left-hand expression toUpper c, building a new list. The result of this list comprehension is "HELLO". (Of course, in this simple example you would just write map toUpper s.)

Examples

One may have multiple generators, separated by commas, such as

[(i,j) | i <- [1,2],
         j <- [1..4] ]

yielding the result

[(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4)]

Note how each successive generator refines the results of the previous generator. Thus, if the second list is infinite, one will never reach the second element of the first list. For example,

take 10 [ (i,j) | i <- [1,2], 
                  j <- [1..] ]

yields

[(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(1,7),(1,8),(1,9),(1,10)]

In such a situation, a nested sequence of list comprehensions may be appropriate. For example,

take 5 [ [ (i,j) | i <- [1,2] ] | j <- [1..] ]

yields

[[(1,1),(2,1)], [(1,2),(2,2)], [(1,3),(2,3)], [(1,4),(2,4)], [(1,5),(2,5)]]

One can also provide boolean guards. For example,

take 10 [ (i,j) | i <- [1..], 
                  j <- [1..i-1], 
                  gcd i j == 1 ]

yields

[(2,1),(3,1),(3,2),(4,1),(4,3),(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(6,1)]

Finally, one can also make local let declarations. For example,

take 10 [ (i,j) | i <- [1..], 
                  let k = i*i, 
                  j <- [1..k] ]

yields

[(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5)]

Here is an example of a nested sequence of list comprehensions, taken from code implementing the Sieve of Atkin:

[[[ poly x y
    | i <- [0..], let x = m + 60*i, test x y ]
    | j <- [0..], let y = n + 60*j ]
    | m <- [1..60], n <- [1..60], mod (poly m n) 60 == k ]

The result is a list of infinite lists of infinite lists.

The specification of list comprehensions is given in The Haskell 98 Report: 3.11 List Comprehensions.

The GHC compiler supports parallel list comprehensions as an extension; see GHC 9.4.4 User's Guide: Parallel List Comprehensions.

Skips elements on pattern fails

catMaybes removes Nothing's from a list. Its source:

catMaybes :: [Maybe a] -> [a]
catMaybes ls = [x | Just x <- ls]

If the Just x pattern doesn't match, no element is added to the result!

You can ask lambdabot on Liberachat (IRC) to unpack the list comprehension syntax:

In the #haskell channel, or in a private message, say @undo and then your list comprehension, it will shoow you how it expands:

<youOnIRC> @undo [x | Just x <- xs]
<lambdabot> concatMap (\ a -> case a of { Just x -> [x]; _ -> []}) xs

So it doesn't invoke MonadFail at all, per default. With MonadComprehensions it would.

List monad

In the first versions of Haskell, the comprehension syntax was available for all monads. (See History of Haskell) Later the comprehension syntax was restricted to lists. Since lists are an instance of monads, you can get list comprehension in terms of the do notation.

The examples from above can be translated to list monad as follows:

do c <- s
   return (toUpper c)

do i <- [1,2]
   j <- [1..4]
   return (i,j)

or

liftM2 (,) [1,2] [1..4]

do j <- [1..]
   return
      (do i <- [1,2]
          return (i,j))

do i <- [1..]
   j <- [1..i-1]
   guard (gcd i j == 1)
   return (i,j)

do i <- [1..]
   let k = i*i
   j <- [1..k]
   return (i,j)

Sieve of Atkin:

do m <- [1..60]
   n <- [1..60]
   guard (mod (poly m n) 60 == k)
   return $
      do j <- [0..]
         let y = n + 60*j
         return $
            do i <- [0..]
               let x = m + 60*i
               guard (test x y)
               return (poly x y)