GLFW
Note: There are two GLFW hackage packages GLFW and GLFW-b. This article is about GLFW (except for bottom paragraph).
About
This is a Haskell module for GLFW OpenGL framework. It provides an alternative to GLUT for OpenGL based Haskell programs.
Status
The library is being used by the Haskell School of Expression (SOE) code to render Graphics in a cross-platform manner. It currently interfaces with GLFW version 2.7.2, works on Windows, Linux (i386) and Mac OS X.
GLFW itself is well documented (see GLFW website), and the Haskell module API is documented via Haddock.
Not all functions are fully tested, and there are still a few GLFW C functions missing from the Haskell module, namely the image loading functions. They are excluded because image handling is a separate issue, and low level buffer manipulation would obscure their use further. Texture loading from TGA format is supported both from file and from memory (via a string buffer)..
The Haskell module also provides basic text rendering while GLFW doesn't. It comes from a free 8x16 font which is made into a TGA texture, stored as a Haskell string in the file GLFW.hs. Text rendering is only possible with Alpha enabled. Again, see SOE.hs from the SOE package for sample usage.
GLFW may not work well with GHC threads, forkIO or threadDelay. So avoid them if you can.
Download
Current version is GLFW-0.5.0.0. It works with Cabal 1.10 or later. It compiles GLFW C source code as part of the building process, please report to the package maintainer if you have build problems.
More information
Sample Program
To demonstrate the usage of GLFW for OpenGL based Haskell applications, here is a sample program that allows user to draw lines by holding the left mouse button and move the mouse.
import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL as GL
import Graphics.UI.GLFW as GLFW
import Graphics.Rendering.OpenGL (($=))
import Data.IORef
import Control.Monad
import System.Environment (getArgs, getProgName)
Because the program needs to process user input, i.e., mouse button and movements, we'll use a continuation like structure for this purpose. The Action type represents an IO operation that returns the next Action to continue execution.
data Action = Action (IO Action)
The main program is mostly book-keeping such as initializing OpenGL and GLFW, creating window, setting up viewport, etc.
main = do
-- invoke either active or passive drawing loop depending on command line argument
args <- getArgs
prog <- getProgName
case args of
["active"] -> putStrLn "Running in active mode" >> main' active
["passive"] -> putStrLn "Running in passive mode" >> main' passive
_ -> putStrLn $ "USAGE: " ++ prog ++ " [active|passive]"
main' run = do
GLFW.initialize
-- open window
GLFW.openWindow (GL.Size 400 400) [GLFW.DisplayAlphaBits 8] GLFW.Window
GLFW.windowTitle $= "GLFW Demo"
GL.shadeModel $= GL.Smooth
-- enable antialiasing
GL.lineSmooth $= GL.Enabled
GL.blend $= GL.Enabled
GL.blendFunc $= (GL.SrcAlpha, GL.OneMinusSrcAlpha)
GL.lineWidth $= 1.5
-- set the color to clear background
GL.clearColor $= Color4 0 0 0 0
-- set 2D orthogonal view inside windowSizeCallback because
-- any change to the Window size should result in different
-- OpenGL Viewport.
GLFW.windowSizeCallback $= \ size@(GL.Size w h) ->
do
GL.viewport $= (GL.Position 0 0, size)
GL.matrixMode $= GL.Projection
GL.loadIdentity
GL.ortho2D 0 (realToFrac w) (realToFrac h) 0
-- keep all line strokes as a list of points in an IORef
lines <- newIORef []
-- run the main loop
run lines
-- finish up
GLFW.closeWindow
GLFW.terminate
There are usually two ways to structure the main loop of GLFW programs. One is by actively polling events before processing them. The screen buffer is usually redrawn every time before swapBuffers is called. This is the simplest main loop often seen in game applications, and may waste CPU cycles even when there is no visual update. Note that swapBuffers by default calls pollEvents implicitly, so there is no need to do a separate poll.
-- we start with waitForPress action
active lines = loop waitForPress
where
loop action = do
-- draw the entire screen
render lines
-- swap buffer
GLFW.swapBuffers
-- check whether ESC is pressed for termination
p <- GLFW.getKey GLFW.ESC
unless (p == GLFW.Press) $
do
-- perform action
Action action' <- action
-- sleep for 1ms to yield CPU to other applications
GLFW.sleep 0.001
-- only continue when the window is not closed
windowOpen <- getParam Opened
unless (not windowOpen) $
loop action' -- loop with next action
waitForPress = do
b <- GLFW.getMouseButton GLFW.ButtonLeft
case b of
GLFW.Release -> return (Action waitForPress)
GLFW.Press -> do
-- when left mouse button is pressed, add the point
-- to lines and switch to waitForRelease action.
(GL.Position x y) <- GL.get GLFW.mousePos
modifyIORef lines (((x,y):) . ((x,y):))
return (Action waitForRelease)
waitForRelease = do
-- keep track of mouse movement while waiting for button
-- release
(GL.Position x y) <- GL.get GLFW.mousePos
-- update the line with new ending position
modifyIORef lines (((x,y):) . tail)
b <- GLFW.getMouseButton GLFW.ButtonLeft
case b of
-- when button is released, switch back back to
-- waitForPress action
GLFW.Release -> return (Action waitForPress)
GLFW.Press -> return (Action waitForRelease)
Another way to structure the main loop is to register event callbacks and use waitEvents. This way we don't have to put the program to sleep every 1ms because it'll not be using any CPU cycle when there is no event to handle.
One reminder in this approach is that swapBuffers must be handled with care, because it by default invokes pollEvents, which in turn invokes all callback functions. So if swapBuffers is used inside a callback, it'll create infinite loop and hang the program. To avoid it, we should disable the AutoPollEvent behavior using disableSpecial.
Another optimization we can do is to use a dirty marker to remember whether the screen really needs to be redrawn. This'll not only save CPU cycles but also speed up event processing to avoid piling up events in the event queue. Similar tricks can be done to optimize the active polling approach.
passive lines = do
-- disable auto polling in swapBuffers
GLFW.disableSpecial GLFW.AutoPollEvent
-- keep track of whether ESC has been pressed
quit <- newIORef False
-- keep track of whether screen needs to be redrawn
dirty <- newIORef True
-- mark screen dirty in refresh callback which is often called
-- when screen or part of screen comes into visibility.
GLFW.windowRefreshCallback $= writeIORef dirty True
-- use key callback to track whether ESC is pressed
GLFW.keyCallback $= \k s ->
when (fromEnum k == fromEnum GLFW.ESC && s == GLFW.Press) $
writeIORef quit True
-- Terminate the program if the window is closed
GLFW.windowCloseCallback $= (writeIORef quit True >> return True)
-- by default start with waitForPress
waitForPress dirty
loop dirty quit
where
loop dirty quit = do
GLFW.waitEvents
-- redraw screen if dirty
d <- readIORef dirty
when d $
render lines >> GLFW.swapBuffers
writeIORef dirty False
-- check if we need to quit the loop
q <- readIORef quit
unless q $
loop dirty quit
waitForPress dirty =
do
GLFW.mousePosCallback $= \_ -> return ()
GLFW.mouseButtonCallback $= \b s ->
when (b == GLFW.ButtonLeft && s == GLFW.Press) $
do
-- when left mouse button is pressed, add the point
-- to lines and switch to waitForRelease action.
(GL.Position x y) <- GL.get GLFW.mousePos
modifyIORef lines (((x,y):) . ((x,y):))
waitForRelease dirty
waitForRelease dirty =
do
GLFW.mousePosCallback $= \(Position x y) ->
do
-- update the line with new ending position
modifyIORef lines (((x,y):) . tail)
-- mark screen dirty
writeIORef dirty True
GLFW.mouseButtonCallback $= \b s ->
-- when left mouse button is released, switch back to
-- waitForPress action.
when (b == GLFW.ButtonLeft && s == GLFW.Release) $
waitForPress dirty
Just replace active with passive in the main function to run the second approach.
The rest of the program goes below.
render lines = do
l <- readIORef lines
GL.clear [GL.ColorBuffer]
GL.color $ color3 1 0 0
GL.renderPrimitive GL.Lines $ mapM_
(\ (x, y) -> GL.vertex (vertex3 (fromIntegral x) (fromIntegral y) 0)) l
vertex3 :: GLfloat -> GLfloat -> GLfloat -> GL.Vertex3 GLfloat
vertex3 = GL.Vertex3
color3 :: GLfloat -> GLfloat -> GLfloat -> GL.Color3 GLfloat
color3 = GL.Color3
More examples and external links
A number of famous NeHe OpenGL tutorials have been translated into Haskell using GLFW-b (instead of GLFW) and made available in the nehe-tuts package by Jason Dagit. Code as well as executables are available via the package page.
More examples: