Concurrency demos/Zeta

A simple example of parallelism in Haskell

This little piece of code computes an approximation of Riemann's zeta function, balancing the work to be done between N threads.

import Control.Parallel.Strategies
import Control.Monad
import Data.Complex
import System.Environment

-- Return the list of the terms of the zeta function for the given range.
-- We don't sum the terms here but let the main thread sum the lists returned
-- by all the other threads so as to avoid accumulating rounding imprecisions.
zetaRange :: (Floating a, Integral b) => a -> (b, b) -> [a]
zetaRange s (x,y) = [ fromIntegral n ** (-s) | n <- [x..y] ]

cut :: (Integral a) => (a, a) -> a -> [(a, a)]
cut (x,y) n = (x, x + mine - 1) : cut' (x + mine) size (y - mine)
 where
  (size, modulo)   = y `divMod` n
  mine             = size + modulo

  cut' _ _ 0       = []
  cut' x' size' n' = (x', x' + size' - 1) : cut' (x' + size') size' (n' - size') 

getParams :: IO (Int, Int, Complex Double)
getParams = do
  argv <- getArgs
  case argv of
    (t:n:s:[]) -> return (read t, read n, read s)
    _          -> error "usage: zeta <nthreads> <boundary> <s>"

main :: IO ()
main = do
  (t, n, s) <- getParams
  let ranges    = cut (1, n) t
      results   = map (zetaRange s) ranges `using` parList rnf
  putStr $ unlines [ "Starting thread for range " ++ show r | r <- ranges ]
  print (sum (concat results))

With concurrent threads

Replace:

import Control.Parallel.Strategies

with:

import Control.Concurrent
import Control.Concurrent.MVar

Using mutex-variables (MVar)

• Replace main with:

main :: IO ()
main = do
  (t, n, s) <- getParams
  childs    <- mapM (thread s) (cut (1, n) t)
  results   <- mapM takeMVar childs
  print (sum (concat results))
 where
  thread s range = do
    putStrLn ("Starting thread for range " ++ show range)
    mvar <- newEmptyMVar
    forkIO (do let zs = zetaRange s range
               when (zs==zs) $ putMVar mvar zs) -- we need to deepSeq the list
    return mvar

Using a channel (Chan)

• Replace main with:

main :: IO ()
main = do
  (t, n, s) <- getParams
  chan      <- newChan
  terms     <- getChanContents chan

  forM_ (cut (1,n) t) $ thread chan s

  let wait xs i result
        | i >= t    = print result  -- Done.
        | otherwise = case xs of
           Nothing : rest -> wait rest (i + 1) result
           Just x  : rest -> wait rest i (result + x)
           _              -> error "missing thread termination marker"

  wait terms 0 0
 where
  thread chan s range = do
    putStrLn ("Starting thread for range " ++ show range)
    forkIO $ do
      mapM_ (writeChan chan . Just) (zetaRange s range)
      writeChan chan Nothing

Benchmarks

Here's a simple script for runing all three variants, with four threads using 1, 2, and 3 OS threads.

a="$1"
[ -z "$a" ] && { echo Usage: "$0" variant_name; exit 1; }
for n in 1 2 3; do 
    echo -n $a $n ' '; 
    /usr/bin/time -f "%Uu %Ss %Ee %PCPU" ./z.$a 4 500000 1:+1 +RTS -N$n > /dev/null;
done;
echo;

Results on a dual Opteron system:

• strat - using strategies:

strat 1 8.82u 0.07s 0:08.93e 99%CPU strat 2 4.42u 0.06s 0:03.82e 117%CPU strat 3 5.01u 0.08s 0:04.46e 114%CPU

• mvar - using mutex-variables:

mvar 1 2.52u 0.06s 0:02.63e 98%CPU mvar 2 2.69u 0.05s 0:02.10e 130%CPU mvar 3 2.85u 0.07s 0:02.30e 126%CPU

• chan - using channels:

chan 1 11.75u 4.06s 0:15.91e 99%CPU chan 2 9.81u 0.05s 0:09.48e 104%CPU chan 3 10.96u 3.25s 0:12.24e 116%CPU