Prime numbers
Simple Prime Sieve
The following is an elegant (and highly inefficient) way to generate a list of all the prime numbers in the universe:
primes :: [Integer]
primes = sieve [2..]
where sieve (p:xs) = p : sieve [x | x<-xs, x `mod` p /= 0]
Given an infinite list of prime numbers, we can implement primality tests and integer factorization:
isPrime n = n > 1 && n == head (factorize n)
primeFactors 1 = []
primeFactors n = go n primes
where
go n ps@(p:pt)
| p*p > n = [n]
| x `rem` p == 0 = p : go (n `quot` p) ps
| otherwise = go n pt
Simple Prime Sieve II
primes :: [Integer]
primes = 2:filter isPrime [3,5..]
where
isPrime n = all (not . divides n) $ takeWhile (\p -> p*p <= n) primes
divides n p = n `mod` p == 0
Prime Wheels
Notice in the above Prime Sieve II, only odd numbers are tested, because we know that all the even numbers (greater than 2) are composite. In effect, odd numbers, and not even numbers, are candidates for primality testing.
A prime wheel is a scheme to generate candidate numbers that are "pre-screened" so that they don't have certain predetermined divisors. For example, suppose we want candidates that are neither even nor divisible by 3. In that case, we need numbers of the form 6n + {1,5}.
primes :: [Integer]
primes = 2:3:5:filter isPrime wheel
where
-- these numbers are automatically not divisible by 2 or 3
wheel = 7:11:map (6+) wheel
-- don't bother to check for divisibility by 2 or 3
ps = drop 2 primes
isPrime n = all (not . divides n) $ takeWhile (\p -> p*p <= n) ps
divides n p = n `mod` p == 0
This generator runs slightly faster than Prime Sieve II above because it doesn't bother to perform prime testing on multiples of 2 or 3.
Here is why the scheme is called a prime wheel. Imagine that you had a wheel of circumference 6, and you are rolling that wheel along the number line. The wheel is marked along the edges to automatically tell you which numbers are candidates and which numbers to exclude. Specifically, multiples of 2, 3 or 6 are excluded, while numbers of the form 6n+1 and 6n+5 are candidates.
We can go further and exclude multiples of 5. To exclude multiples of 2, 3, and 5, our wheel has to increase in multiples of 30.
primes :: [Integer]
primes = 2:3:5:7:11:13:17:19:23:29:filter isPrime wheel
where
-- these numbers are automatically not divisible by 2, 3, or 5
wheel = 31:37:41:43:47:49:53:59:map (30+) wheel
-- don't bother to check for divisibility by 2, 3, or 5
ps = drop 3 primes
isPrime n = all (not . divides n) $ takeWhile (\p -> p*p <= n) ps
divides n p = n `mod` p == 0
This generator runs slightly faster than the (2,3) prime wheel because it doesn't bother to check multiples of 2, 3, or 5.
We can go even further and exclude multiples of 7, but this requires a much bigger wheel, and it provides only a very small additional speed-up. This wheel has a length of 210, and at this point we are probably well beyond the point of diminishing returns.
primes :: [Integer]
primes = initPrimes ++ filter isPrime wheel
where
initPrimes = [2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,
53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89,97,
101,103,107,109,113,127,131,137,139,149,
151,157,163,167,173,179,181,191,193,197,199]
-- the following numbers are automatically not divisible by 2, 3, 5, or 7
wheel = [211,221,223,227,229,233,239,241,247,251,253,257,263,269,
271,277,281,283,289,293,299,307,311,313,317,319,323,331,
337,341,347,349,353,359,361,367,373,377,379,383,389,391,
397,401,403,407,409,419] ++ map (210+) wheel
-- don't bother to check for divisibility by 2, 3, 5, or 7
ps = drop 4 primes
isPrime n = all (not . divides n) $ takeWhile (\p -> p*p <= n) ps
divides n p = n `mod` p == 0
Implicit Heap
The following is a more efficient prime generator, implementing the sieve of Eratosthenes. See also the message thread around Re: Code and Perf. Data for Prime Finders.
data People a = VIP a (People a) | Crowd [a]
mergeP :: Ord a => People a -> People a -> People a
mergeP (VIP x xt) ys = VIP x $ mergeP xt ys
mergeP (Crowd xs) (Crowd ys) = Crowd $ merge xs ys
mergeP xs@(Crowd ~(x:xt)) ys@(VIP y yt) = case compare x y of
LT -> VIP x $ mergeP (Crowd xt) ys
EQ -> VIP x $ mergeP (Crowd xt) yt
GT -> VIP y $ mergeP xs yt
merge :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
merge xs@(x:xt) ys@(y:yt) = case compare x y of
LT -> x : merge xt ys
EQ -> x : merge xt yt
GT -> y : merge xs yt
diff xs@(x:xt) ys@(y:yt) = case compare x y of
LT -> x : diff xt ys
EQ -> diff xt yt
GT -> diff xs yt
foldTree :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a
foldTree f ~(x:xs) = f x . foldTree f . pairs $ xs
where pairs ~(x: ~(y:ys)) = f x y : pairs ys
primes, nonprimes :: [Integer]
primes = 2:3:diff [5,7..] nonprimes
nonprimes = serve . foldTree mergeP . map multiples $ tail primes
where
multiples p = vip [p*k | k <- [p,p+2..]]
vip (x:xs) = VIP x $ Crowd xs
serve (VIP x xs) = x:serve xs
serve (Crowd xs) = xs
nonprimes
effectively implements a heap, exploiting lazy evaluation.
Bitwise prime sieve
Count the number of prime below a given 'n'. Shows fast bitwise arrays, and an example of Template Haskell to defeat your enemies.
{-# OPTIONS -O2 -optc-O -XBangPatterns #-}
module Primes (nthPrime) where
import Control.Monad.ST
import Data.Array.ST
import Data.Array.Base
import System
import Control.Monad
import Data.Bits
nthPrime :: Int -> Int
nthPrime n = runST (sieve n)
sieve n = do
a <- newArray (3,n) True :: ST s (STUArray s Int Bool)
let cutoff = truncate (sqrt $ fromIntegral n) + 1
go a n cutoff 3 1
go !a !m cutoff !n !c
| n >= m = return c
| otherwise = do
e <- unsafeRead a n
if e then
if n < cutoff then
let loop !j
| j < m = do
x <- unsafeRead a j
when x $ unsafeWrite a j False
loop (j+n)
| otherwise = go a m cutoff (n+2) (c+1)
in loop ( if n < 46340 then n * n else n `shiftL` 1)
else go a m cutoff (n+2) (c+1)
else go a m cutoff (n+2) c
And places in a module:
{-# OPTIONS -fth #-}
import Primes
main = print $( let x = nthPrime 10000000 in [| x |] )
Run as:
$ ghc --make -o primes Main.hs
$ time ./primes
664579
./primes 0.00s user 0.01s system 228% cpu 0.003 total
Miller-Rabin Primality Test
find2km :: Integral a => a -> (a,a)
find2km n = f 0 n
where
f k m
| r == 1 = (k,m)
| otherwise = f (k+1) q
where (q,r) = quotRem m 2
millerRabinPrimality :: Integer -> Integer -> Bool
millerRabinPrimality n a
| a <= 1 || a >= n-1 =
error $ "millerRabinPrimality: a out of range ("
++ show a ++ " for "++ show n ++ ")"
| n < 2 = False
| even n = False
| b0 == 1 || b0 == n' = True
| otherwise = iter (tail b)
where
n' = n-1
(k,m) = find2km n'
b0 = powMod n a m
b = take (fromIntegral k) $ iterate (squareMod n) b0
iter [] = False
iter (x:xs)
| x == 1 = False
| x == n' = True
| otherwise = iter xs
pow' :: (Num a, Integral b) => (a -> a -> a) -> (a -> a) -> a -> b -> a
pow' _ _ _ 0 = 1
pow' mul sq x' n' = f x' n' 1
where
f x n y
| n == 1 = x `mul` y
| r == 0 = f x2 q y
| otherwise = f x2 q (x `mul` y)
where
(q,r) = quotRem n 2
x2 = sq x
mulMod :: Integral a => a -> a -> a -> a
mulMod a b c = (b * c) `mod` a
squareMod :: Integral a => a -> a -> a
squareMod a b = (b * b) `rem` a
powMod :: Integral a => a -> a -> a -> a
powMod m = pow' (mulMod m) (squareMod m)