# Difference between revisions of "Prime numbers miscellaneous"

For the context to this, please see Prime numbers.

## Implicit Heap

The following is an original implicit heap implementation for the sieve of Eratosthenes, kept here for historical record. Also, it implements more sophisticated, lazier scheduling. The Prime_numbers#Tree merging with Wheel section simplifies it, removing the `People a` structure altogether, and improves upon it by using a wheel optimization.

See also the message threads Re: "no-coding" functional data structures via lazyness for more about how merging ordered lists amounts to creating an implicit heap and Re: Code and Perf. Data for Prime Finders for an explanation of the `People a` structure that makes it work.

```data People a = VIP a (People a) | Crowd [a]

mergeP :: Ord a => People a -> People a -> People a
mergeP (VIP x xt) ys                    = VIP x \$ mergeP xt ys
mergeP (Crowd xs) (Crowd ys)            = Crowd \$ merge  xs ys
mergeP xs@(Crowd (x:xt)) ys@(VIP y yt)  = case compare x y of
LT -> VIP x \$ mergeP (Crowd xt) ys
EQ -> VIP x \$ mergeP (Crowd xt) yt
GT -> VIP y \$ mergeP xs yt

merge :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
merge xs@(x:xt) ys@(y:yt) = case compare x y of
LT -> x : merge xt ys
EQ -> x : merge xt yt
GT -> y : merge xs yt

diff xs@(x:xt) ys@(y:yt) = case compare x y of
LT -> x : diff xt ys
EQ ->     diff xt yt
GT ->     diff xs yt

foldTree :: (a -> a -> a) -> [a] -> a
foldTree f ~(x:xs) = x `f` foldTree f (pairs xs)
where pairs ~(x: ~(y:ys)) = f x y : pairs ys

primes, nonprimes :: [Integer]
primes    = 2:3:diff [5,7..] nonprimes
nonprimes = serve . foldTree mergeP . map multiples \$ tail primes
where
multiples p = vip [p*p,p*p+2*p..]

vip (x:xs)       = VIP x \$ Crowd xs
serve (VIP x xs) = x:serve xs
serve (Crowd xs) = xs
```

`nonprimes` effectively implements a heap, exploiting lazy evaluation.

## Prime Wheels

The idea of only testing odd numbers can be extended further. For instance, it is a useful fact that every prime number other than 2 and 3 must be of the form $6k+1$ or $6k+5$. Thus, we only need to test these numbers:

```primes :: [Integer]
primes = 2:3:prs
where
1:p:candidates = [6*k+r | k <- [0..], r <- [1,5]]
prs            = p : filter isPrime candidates
isPrime n      = all (not . divides n)
\$ takeWhile (\p -> p*p <= n) prs
divides n p    = n `mod` p == 0
```

Here, `prs` is the list of primes greater than 3 and `isPrime` does not test for divisibility by 2 or 3 because the `candidates` by construction don't have these numbers as factors. We also need to exclude 1 from the candidates and mark the next one as prime to start the recursion.

Such a scheme to generate candidate numbers first that avoid a given set of primes as divisors is called a prime wheel. Imagine that you had a wheel of circumference 6 to be rolled along the number line. With spikes positioned 1 and 5 units around the circumference, rolling the wheel will prick holes exactly in those positions on the line whose numbers are not divisible by 2 and 3.

A wheel can be represented by its circumference and the spiked positions.

```data Wheel = Wheel Integer [Integer]
```

We prick out numbers by rolling the wheel.

```roll (Wheel n rs) = [n*k+r | k <- [0..], r <- rs]
```

The smallest wheel is the unit wheel with one spike, it will prick out every number.

```w0 = Wheel 1 [1]
```

We can create a larger wheel by rolling a smaller wheel of circumference `n` along a rim of circumference `p*n` while excluding spike positions at multiples of `p`.

```nextSize (Wheel n rs) p =
Wheel (p*n) [r2 | k <- [0..(p-1)], r <- rs,
let r2 = n*k+r, r2 `mod` p /= 0]
```

Combining both, we can make wheels that prick out numbers that avoid a given list `ds` of divisors.

```mkWheel ds = foldl nextSize w0 ds
```

Now, we can generate prime numbers with a wheel that for instance avoids all multiples of 2, 3, 5 and 7.

```primes :: [Integer]
primes = small ++ large
where
1:p:candidates = roll \$ mkWheel small
small          = [2,3,5,7]
large          = p : filter isPrime candidates
isPrime n      = all (not . divides n)
\$ takeWhile (\p -> p*p <= n) large
divides n p    = n `mod` p == 0
```

It's a pretty big wheel with a circumference of 210 and allows us to calculate the first 10000 primes in convenient time.

A fixed size wheel is fine, but adapting the wheel size while generating prime numbers quickly becomes impractical, because the circumference grows very fast, as primorial, but the returns quickly diminish, the improvement being just `(p-1)/p`. See Euler's Sieve, or the functional pearl titled Lazy wheel sieves and spirals of primes for more.

## Using IntSet for a traditional sieve

```module Sieve where
import qualified Data.IntSet as I

-- findNext - finds the next member of an IntSet.
findNext c is | I.member c is = c
| c > I.findMax is = error "Ooops. No next number in set."
| otherwise = findNext (c+1) is

-- mark - delete all multiples of n from n*n to the end of the set
mark n is = is I.\\ (I.fromAscList (takeWhile (<=end) (map (n*) [n..])))
where
end = I.findMax is

-- primes - gives all primes up to n
primes n = worker 2 (I.fromAscList [2..n])
where
worker x is
| (x*x) > n = is
| otherwise = worker (findNext (x+1) is) (mark x is)
```

(doesn't look like it runs very efficiently).

## One-liners

Produce an unbounded (for the most part) list of primes.

Using

```import qualified Data.List.Ordered as O

(\\)        = O.minus                            -- _not_ Data.List.\\
_Y g        = g (_Y g)
fix g       = x where x = g x                    -- from Data.Function
f <\$> (a,b) = (a, f b)                           -- from Data.Functor
unfold f a | (xs,b) <- f a = xs ++ unfold f b
-- unfold f = concat . Data.List.unfoldr (Just . f)
```

Here goes:

```[n | n<-[2..], product [1..n-1] `rem` n == n-1]   -- Wilson's theorem

Data.List.nubBy (((>1).).gcd) [2..]              -- the shortest one

[n | n<-[2..], all ((> 0).rem n) [2..n-1]]          -- trial division
[n | n<-[2..], []==[i | i<-[2..n-1], rem n i==0]]      -- implementing `all`
[n | n<-[2..], []==[i | i<-[2..n-1], last [n, n-i..0]==0]]   -- and `rem`
-- is this still a trial division?
[n | n<-[2..], []==[i | i<-[2..n-1], j<-[0, i..n], j==n]]
-- or a "forgetful" ... sieve of Eratosthenes?
[n | n<-[2..], []==[i | i<-[2..n-1], j<-[i*i, i*i+i..n], j==n]]

[n | let p n = []==[i | i<-[2..n-1], rem n i==0], n<-[2..], p n]
-- testing only by primes should be faster, right?
[n | let p n = []==[i | i<-[2..n-1], p i && rem n i==0], n<-[2..], p n]
-- (someone actually wrote this, though in C)

fix \$ map head . scanl (\\) [2..] . map (\p -> [p, p+p..])  -- executable spec
fix \$ map head . scanl ((\\).tail) [2..] . map (\p -> [p*p, p*p+p..])

_Y \$ (2:) . concat . snd . mapAccumL (\(x:t) ms -> (t \\ ms, [x]))
[3..] . map (\p -> [p*p, p*p+p..])
_Y \$ (2:) . concat . snd
. mapAccumL (\xs ms -> (\(h,t) -> (t \\ ms, h)) \$
span (< head ms) xs) [3..] . map (\p -> [p*p, p*p+p..])

[n | n<-[2..], all ((> 0).rem n) [2..floor.sqrt.fromIntegral\$n]]
2 : [n | n<-[3,5..], all ((> 0).rem n) [3,5..floor.sqrt.fromIntegral\$n]]
-- optimal trial division
fix (\xs-> 2 : [n | n<-[3..], all ((> 0).rem n) \$ takeWhile ((<= n).(^2)) xs])
2 : fix (\xs-> 3 : [n | n <- [5,7..],                     -- the wheel: 2,
foldr (\p r-> p*p>n || (rem n p>0 && r)) True xs])
2:3 : fix (\xs-> 5 : [n | n <- scanl (+) 7 (cycle [4,2]),              -- 3,
foldr (\p r-> p*p>n || (rem n p>0 && r)) True xs])
2:3:5 : fix (\xs-> 7 : [n | n <- scanl (+) 11 (cycle [2,4,2,4,6,2,6,4]),  -- 5
foldr (\p r-> p*p>n || (rem n p>0 && r)) True xs])

foldr (\x r-> x : filter ((> 0).(`rem`x)) r) [] [2..]             -- bottom-up
nub . map head . scanl (\xs x-> filter ((> 0).(`rem`x)) xs) [2..] \$ [2..]
map head . iterate (\(x:xs)-> filter ((> 0).(`rem`x)) xs) \$ [2..]
unfold (\(x:xs)-> ([x], filter ((> 0).(`rem`x)) xs)) [2..]        -- top-down

fix \$ \ps -> 2 : [ n | (p, px) <- zip ps (inits ps), n <- take 1  -- sideways
[n | n <- [p+1..], and [mod n p > 0 | p <- px]]]

fix \$ concatMap (fst.snd)                  -- by spans between primes' squares
. iterate (\(p:t,(h,xs)) -> (t,span (< head t^2) [y | y<-xs, rem y p>0]))
. (, ([2,3],[4..]))                         --  (xs \\ [p*p, p*p+p..])

-- segment-wise
_Y \$ \ps-> 2:[n | (r:q:_, px) <- (zip . tails . (2:) . map (^2) <*> inits) ps,
n <- [r+1..q-1], all ((> 0) . rem n) px]
-- n <- [r+1..q-1] Data.List.\\ [m | p <- px, m <- [0,p..q-1]]]
-- n <- foldl (\\) [r+1..q-1] [[0,p..q-1] | p <- px]]
-- n <- [r+1..q-1] \\ O.foldt O.union []
--     [[s,s+p..q-1] | p <- px, s <- [div (r+p) p * p]]]

-- a sieve finds primes by eliminating the multiples, isn't it?
--                          (found this one in the wild, too)
[n | n<-[2..], not \$ elem n [j*k | j<-[2..n-1], k<-[2..n-1]]]
[n | n<-[2..], not \$ elem n [j*k | j<-[2..n`div`2], k<-[2..n`div`j]]]

zipWith (flip (!!)) [0..] . scanl1 (\\)                       -- APL-style
. scanl1 (zipWith (+)) \$ repeat [2..]
tail . unfold (\(a:b:t) -> (:t) . (\\ b) <\$> span (< head b) a)
. scanl1 (zipWith (+) . tail) \$ tails [1..]

fix (\sv -> dropWhile ((> 0).snd) >>> \((p,_):xs) ->     -- counting by 1s
p : sv (zipWith (fmap . max) (cycle \$ [0 | _<-[2..p]] ++ [1]) xs))
. (`zip` repeat 0) \$ [2..]

2 : fix ((3:) . unfold (\(x,u:us)-> ([x|u==0], (x+2,us))) -- counting by 2s
. (,) 5 . ([0,0] ++)
. foldi (\(x:xs) ys -> let n=div (head ys - x) 2 - 1 in
x:take n xs ++ zipWith max ys (drop n xs)) []
. map (\p-> (p*p :) . tail . cycle \$ 1 : replicate (p-1) 0) )

primesTo n = foldl (\a i-> a \\ [i*i, i*i+2*i..n]) (2:[3,5..n])
[3,5..(floor . sqrt . fromIntegral) n]
primesTo n = 2 : foldr (\r z-> if (head r^2) <= n then head r : z else r) []
(fix \$ \rs-> [3,5..n] : [t \\ [p*p, p*p+2*p..] | (p:t)<-rs])

primesTo  = foldr (\n ps-> foldl (\a p->         -- with repeated square root
a \\ [p*p, p*p+p..n]) [2..n] ps)
[] . takeWhile (> 1) . iterate (floor . sqrt . fromIntegral)

concatMap (\(a:b:_)-> drop (length a) b)         -- its dual, with repeated
. tails . scanl (\ps n-> foldl (\a p->         --                  squaring
a \\ [p*p, p*p+p..n]) [2..n] ps) [] \$ iterate (^2) 2

2 : unfold (\(xs,p:ps)-> let (h,t)=span (< p*p) xs in
(h, (filter ((> 0).(`rem`p)) t, ps))) ([3,5..],[3,5..])
2 : fix (\xs-> 3 : unfold (\(xs,p:ps)-> let (h,t)=span (< p*p) xs in
(h, ((\\ [p*p, p*p+2*p..]) t, ps))) ([5,7..], xs))
2 : _Y (\ps-> concatMap snd \$ iterate (\((fs:ft, x, p:t),_) ->
((ft,p*p+2,t), [x | x <- [x, x+2 .. p*p-2],
all ((/= 0).rem x) fs])) ((inits ps, 5, ps), [3]) )

2 : _Y (\ps-> concatMap snd \$ iterate (\((fs:ft, x, p:t),_) ->
((ft,p*p+2,t),     minus [x, x+2 .. p*p-2]
\$ foldi union [] [[o, o+2*i .. p*p-2] | i <- fs,
let o=x+mod(i-x)(2*i)])) ((inits ps, 5, ps), [3]) )

let { sieve (x:xs) = x : [n | n <- sieve xs, rem n x > 0] } -- bottom-up
in sieve [2..]
let { sieve (x:xs) = x : sieve [n | n <- xs, rem n x > 0] } -- top-down -
in sieve [2..]                                   --  Turner's sieve

fix \$ \xs-> let { sieve xs (p:ps) = let (h,t)=span (< p*p) xs in  -- postponed
h ++ sieve (filter ((> 0).(`rem`p)) t) ps }
in 2 : 3 : sieve [5,7..] (tail xs)
fix \$ \xs-> let { sieve xs (p:ps) = let (h,t)=span (< p*p) xs in
h ++ sieve (t \\ [p*p, p*p+2*p..]) ps }
in 2 : 3 : sieve [5,7..] (tail xs)

-- producing only unique composites
fix \$ \xs-> 2 : minus [3..] (foldr (\(p:ps) r-> fix \$ ((p*p) :) .
merge r . map (p*) . merge ps) [] \$ tails xs)

2 : minus [3,5..] (foldi (\(x:xs)-> (x:).union xs) []   -- sieving by all odds
\$ map (\x->[x*x, x*x+2*x..]) [3,5..])

unfold (\a@(1:p:_) -> ([p], a \\ map (*p) a)) [1..]      -- Euler's sieve
unfold (\(p:xs) -> ([p], xs \\ map (*p) (p:xs))) [2..]

unfold (\(p:xs) -> ([p], xs \\ [p, p+p..])) [2..]      -- the basic sieve
unfold (\xs@(p:_) -> (\\ [p, p+p..]) <\$> splitAt 1 xs) [2..]

fix \$ (2:) . unfold (\(p:ps,xs) -> (ps ,) .                 -- postponed sieve
(\\ [p*p, p*p+p..]) <\$> span (< p*p) xs) . (, [3..])

-- Richard Bird's combined sieve
fix \$ (2:) . minus [3..] . foldr (\(x:xs)-> (x:) . union xs) []
. map (\p-> [p*p, p*p+p..])

2 : _Y ( (3:)                                 -- unbounded tree-shaped folding
. minus [5,7..]
. unionAll    -- ~= foldi (\(x:xs) ys-> x:union xs ys) []
. map (\p-> [p*p, p*p+2*p..]) )

[2,3,5,7] ++ _Y ( (11:)                                      -- with a wheel
. minus (scanl (+) 13 \$ tail wh11)
. unionAll
. map (\p-> map (p*) . dropWhile (< p) \$
scanl (+) (p - rem (p-11) 210) wh11) )

[2,3,5,7] ++ _Y ( (11:)                                      -- same, but 1.4x
. minus (scanl (+) 13 \$ tail wh11)     -- slower than
. unionAll                            --   the above
. map (\(w,p)-> scanl (\c d-> c + p*d) (p*p) w)
. isectBy (compare . snd)
(tails wh11 `zip` scanl (+) 11 wh11) )

wh11 = 2:4:2:4:6:2:6:4:2:4:6:6:2:6:4:2:6:4:6:8:4:2:4:2:         -- 210-wheel,
4:8:6:4:6:2:4:6:2:6:6:4:2:4:6:2:6:4:2:4:2:10:2:10:wh11   --   from 11
-- cycle \$ zipWith (-) =<< tail \$ [i | i <- [11..221], gcd i 210 == 1]
```

`foldi` is an infinitely right-deepening tree folding function found here. `minus` and `union` of course are on the main page here (and `merge` a simpler, duplicates-ignoring variant of `union`), such that `xs `minus` ys == xs Data.List.\\ ys` and `xs `union` ys == nub . sort \$ xs ++ ys` for any finite, increasing lists `xs` and `ys`.

Some definitions use functions from the `data-ordlist` package, and the 2-3-5-7 wheel `wh11`; they might be leaking space unless `minus` is fused with its input (into `gaps`/`gapsW` from the main page).

## A Tale of Sieves

Old stuff, just put together in one place to better see the whole picture at once.

``` {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}

import Data.List ( (\\), tails, inits )
import Data.List.Ordered ( minus, unionAll )
import Data.Array.Unboxed

primes = sieve [2..]
where
sieve (p:t) = [p] ++ sieve [n | n <- t, rem n p > 0]

primes = 2 : sieve primes [3..]
where
sieve (p:ps) (span (< p*p) -> (h,t)) =
h ++ sieve ps [n | n <- t, rem n p > 0]

primes = 2 : [n | (r:q:_, px) <-  (zip . tails . (2:) . map (^2) <*> inits) primes,
n           <-  [r+1..q-1],   all ((> 0).rem n)  px]

{-  n           <-  [r+1..q-1]  \\  concat [ [0,p..q] | p <- px]]

n           <-  [r+1..q-1] `minus` unionAll
[ dropWhile (<= r) [0,p..q-1] | p <- px]]

(n,True)     <-  assocs ( accumArray (\_ _ -> False) True (r+1, q-1)
[(m,()) | p <- px,
let s = (r+p)`div`p*p,
m <- [s,s+p..q-1]] :: UArray Int Bool )] -}

primes = map head \$ scanl minus [2..] [[p, p+p..] | p <- primes]
--  = fix \$ map head . scanl minus [2..] . map (\p -> [p, p+p..])

primes = 2 : 3 : [5,7..] `minus` unionAll [[p*p, p*p+2*p..] | p <- tail primes]

--
```