The Fibonacci sequence

Implementing the Fibonacci sequence is considered the "Hello, world!" of Haskell programming. This page collects Haskell implementations of the sequence.

Naive definition

The standard definition can be expressed directly:

fib 0 = 0
fib 1 = 1
fib n = fib (n-1) + fib (n-2)

This implementation requires O(fib n) additions.

Linear operation implementations

With state

Haskell translation of python algo

{- def fib(n):
      a, b = 0, 1
      for _ in xrange(n):
          a, b = b, a + b
      return a  -}

Tail recursive

Using accumulator argument for state passing

{-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
fib n = go n (0,1)
  where
    go !n (!a, !b) | n==0      = a
                   | otherwise = go (n-1) (b, a+b)

Monadic

import Control.Monad.State
fib n = flip evalState (0,1) $ do
  forM [0..(n-1)] $ \_ -> do
    (a,b) <- get
    put (b,a+b)
  (a,b) <- get
  return a

Using the infinite list of Fibonacci numbers

One can compute the first n Fibonacci numbers with O(n) additions. If fibs is the infinite list of Fibonacci numbers, one can define

fib n = fibs!!n

Canonical zipWith implementation

fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)

With direct self-reference

fibs = 0 : 1 : next fibs
  where
    next (a : t@(b:_)) = (a+b) : next t

With scanl

fibs = scanl (+) 0 (1:fibs)
fibs = 0 : scanl (+) 1 fibs

The recursion can be replaced with fix:

fibs = fix (scanl (+) 0 . (1:))
fibs = fix ((0:) . scanl (+) 1)

The fix used here has to be implemented through sharing, fix f = xs where xs = f xs, not code replication, fix f = f (fix f), to avoid quadratic behaviour.

With unfoldr

fibs = unfoldr (\(a,b) -> Just (a,(b,a+b))) (0,1)

With iterate

fibs = map fst $ iterate (\(a,b) -> (b,a+b)) (0,1)

A version using some identities

fib 0 = 0
fib 1 = 1
fib n | even n         = f1 * (f1 + 2 * f2)
      | n `mod` 4 == 1 = (2 * f1 + f2) * (2 * f1 - f2) + 2
      | otherwise      = (2 * f1 + f2) * (2 * f1 - f2) - 2
   where k = n `div` 2
         f1 = fib k
         f2 = fib (k-1)

This seems to use Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle O(log^2 n)} calls to fib.

Logarithmic operation implementations

Using 2x2 matrices

The argument of iterate above is a linear transformation, so we can represent it as matrix and compute the nth power of this matrix with O(log n) multiplications and additions. For example, using the simple matrix implementation in Prelude extensions,

fib n = head (apply (Matrix [[0,1], [1,1]] ^ n) [0,1])

This technique works for any linear recurrence.

Another fast fib

(Assumes that the sequence starts with 1.)

fib = fst . fib2

-- | Return (fib n, fib (n + 1))
fib2 0 = (1, 1)
fib2 1 = (1, 2)
fib2 n
 | even n    = (a*a + b*b, c*c - a*a)
 | otherwise = (c*c - a*a, b*b + c*c)
 where (a,b) = fib2 (n `div` 2 - 1)
       c     = a + b

Fastest Fib in the West

This was contributed by wli (It assumes that the sequence starts with 1.)

import Data.List

fib1 n = snd . foldl fib_ (1, 0) . map (toEnum . fromIntegral) $ unfoldl divs n
    where
        unfoldl f x = case f x of
                Nothing     -> []
                Just (u, v) -> unfoldl f v ++ [u]

        divs 0 = Nothing
        divs k = Just (uncurry (flip (,)) (k `divMod` 2))

        fib_ (f, g) p
            | p         = (f*(f+2*g), f^2 + g^2)
            | otherwise = (f^2+g^2,   g*(2*f-g))

An even faster version, given later by wli on the IRC channel.

import Data.List
import Data.Bits

fib :: Int -> Integer
fib n = snd . foldl_ fib_ (1, 0) . dropWhile not $
            [testBit n k | k <- let s = bitSize n in [s-1,s-2..0]]
    where
        fib_ (f, g) p
            | p         = (f*(f+2*g), ss)
            | otherwise = (ss, g*(2*f-g))
            where ss = f*f+g*g
        foldl_ = foldl' -- '

Constant-time implementations

The Fibonacci numbers can be computed in constant time using Binet's formula. However, that only works well within the range of floating-point numbers available on your platform. Implementing Binet's formula in such a way that it computes exact results for all integers generally doesn't result in a terribly efficient implementation when compared to the programs above which use a logarithmic number of operations (and work in linear time).

Beyond that, you can use unlimited-precision floating-point numbers, but the result will probably not be any better than the log-time implementations above.

Using Binet's formula

fib n = round $ phi ** fromIntegral n / sq5
  where
    sq5 = sqrt 5 :: Double
    phi = (1 + sq5) / 2

Generalization of Fibonacci numbers

The numbers of the traditional Fibonacci sequence are formed by summing its two preceding numbers, with starting values 0 and 1. Variations of the sequence can be obtained by using different starting values and summing a different number of predecessors.

Fibonacci n-Step Numbers

The sequence of Fibonacci n-step numbers are formed by summing n predecessors, using (n-1) zeros and a single 1 as starting values: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F^{(n)}_k := \begin{cases} 0 & \mbox{if } 0 \leq k < n-1 \\ 1 & \mbox{if } k = n-1 \\ \sum\limits_{i=k-n}^{(k-1)} F^{(n)}_i & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} }

Note that the summation in the current definition has a time complexity of O(n), assuming we memoize previously computed numbers of the sequence. We can do better than. Observe that in the following Tribonacci sequence, we compute the number 81 by summing up 13, 24 and 44:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F^{(3)} = 0,0,1,1,2,4,7,\underbrace{13,24,44},81,149, \ldots }

The number 149 is computed in a similar way, but can also be computed as follows:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 149 = 24 + 44 + 81 = (13 + 24 + 44) + 81 - 13 = 81 + 81 - 13 = 2\cdot 81 - 13 }

And hence, an equivalent definition of the Fibonacci n-step numbers sequence is:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F^{(n)}_k := \begin{cases} 0 & \mbox{if } 0 \leq k < n-1 \\ 1 & \mbox{if } k = n-1 \\ 1 & \mbox{if } k = n \\ F^{(n)}_k := 2F^{(n)}_{k-1}-F^{(n)}_{k-(n+1)} & \mbox{otherwise} \\ \end{cases} }

(Notice the extra case that is needed)

Transforming this directly into Haskell gives us:

nfibs n = replicate (n-1) 0 ++ 1 : 1 :
          zipWith (\b a -> 2*b-a) (drop n (nfibs n)) (nfibs n)

This version, however, is slow since the computation of nfibs n is not shared. Naming the result using a let-binding and making the lambda pointfree results in:

nfibs n = let r = replicate (n-1) 0 ++ 1 : 1 : zipWith ((-).(2*)) (drop n r) r
          in r

See also

• Naive parallel, multicore version
• Fibonacci primes in parallel
• Discussion at haskell cafe
• Some other nice solutions
• In Project Euler, some of the problems involve Fibonacci numbers. There are some solutions in Haskell (Spoiler Warning: Do not look at solutions to Project Euler problems until you have solved the problems on your own.):
  • Problem 2
  • Problem 25
  • Problem 104
  • Problem 137