99 questions/46 to 50
This is part of Ninety-Nine Haskell Problems, based on Ninety-Nine Prolog Problems.
Logic and Codes
Problem 46
Define predicates and/2, or/2, nand/2, nor/2, xor/2, impl/2 and equ/2 (for logical equivalence) which succeed or fail according to the result of their respective operations; e.g. and(A,B) will succeed, if and only if both A and B succeed.
A logical expression in two variables can then be written as in the following example: and(or(A,B),nand(A,B)).
Now, write a predicate table/3 which prints the truth table of a given logical expression in two variables.
Example:
(table A B (and A (or A B))) true true true true fail true fail true fail fail fail fail
Example in Haskell:
λ> table (\a b -> (and' a (or' a b)))
True True True
True False True
False True False
False False False
Problem 47
Continue Problem 46 by defining and/2, or/2, etc as being operators. This allows to write the logical expression in the more natural way, as in the example: A and (A or not B). Define operator precedence as usual; i.e. as in Java.
Example:
* (table A B (A and (A or not B))) true true true true fail true fail true fail fail fail fail
Example in Haskell:
λ> table2 (\a b -> a `and'` (a `or'` not b))
True True True
True False True
False True False
False False False
Problem 48
Generalize Problem 47 in such a way that the logical expression may contain any number of logical variables. Define table/2 in a way that table(List,Expr) prints the truth table for the expression Expr, which contains the logical variables enumerated in List.
Example:
* (table (A,B,C) (A and (B or C) equ A and B or A and C)) true true true true true true fail true true fail true true true fail fail true fail true true true fail true fail true fail fail true true fail fail fail true
Example in Haskell:
λ> tablen 3 (\[a,b,c] -> a `and'` (b `or'` c) `equ'` a `and'` b `or'` a `and'` c)
-- infixl 3 `equ'`
True True True True
True True False True
True False True True
True False False True
False True True True
False True False True
False False True True
False False False True
-- infixl 7 `equ'`
True True True True
True True False True
True False True True
True False False False
False True True False
False True False False
False False True False
False False False False
Problem 49
An n-bit Gray code is a sequence of n-bit strings constructed according to certain rules. For example,
n = 1: C(1) = ['0','1']. n = 2: C(2) = ['00','01','11','10']. n = 3: C(3) = ['000','001','011','010',´110´,´111´,´101´,´100´].
Find out the construction rules and write a predicate with the following specification:
% gray(N,C) :- C is the N-bit Gray code
Can you apply the method of "result caching" in order to make the predicate more efficient, when it is to be used repeatedly?
Example in Haskell:
λ> gray 3
["000","001","011","010","110","111","101","100"]
Problem 50
We suppose a set of symbols with their frequencies, given as a list of fr(S,F) terms. Example: [fr(a,45),fr(b,13),fr(c,12),fr(d,16),fr(e,9),fr(f,5)]. Our objective is to construct a list hc(S,C) terms, where C is the Huffman code word for the symbol S. In our example, the result could be Hs = [hc(a,'0'), hc(b,'101'), hc(c,'100'), hc(d,'111'), hc(e,'1101'), hc(f,'1100')] [hc(a,'01'),...etc.]. The task shall be performed by the predicate huffman/2 defined as follows:
% huffman(Fs,Hs) :- Hs is the Huffman code table for the frequency table Fs
Example in Haskell:
λ> huffman [('a',45),('b',13),('c',12),('d',16),('e',9),('f',5)]
[('a',"0"),('b',"101"),('c',"100"),('d',"111"),('e',"1101"),('f',"1100")]